憨第德

老实人
《老实人》出版於巴黎、1759年版本的封面，其寫著，「憨第德，或樂觀主義。譯自德國的雷爾夫博士。」
原名	Candide, ou l'Optimisme
作者	伏爾泰
类型	短篇哲學；諷刺小說；浪人小說；教育小說
语言	法文
主题	奴隶制度、战争、哲学、旅行、unhappiness、愛、喪事、sociability、進食、财富、人口遷徙、反諷、社会、人、理智、冒險、灾害、樂觀主義
故事时代背景	1750年代
故事背景地點	威尼斯、大不列顛島、君士坦丁堡、保加利亚
發行信息
插圖	尚-米歇爾·莫羅
出版机构	1759年：克拉默、馬克-米歇爾·雷、尚·諾斯、蘭伯特等人
出版時間	1759年1月
出版地點	法國
媒介	出版
规范控制
ISBN	不適用

《老实人》（法語：Candide, ou l'Optimisme）是1759年，啟蒙運動時期哲學家伏爾泰所著的一部法國諷刺小說。這部中篇小說以一位名為憨第德（Candide）的青年揭開序幕，先描述他在一位贵族的城堡里過著受庇護无忧无虑的生活（犹如伊甸園樂土），与贵族的女儿（Cunegonde）相互倾心，同时被他的老師潘格羅士灌輸予萊布尼茨式樂觀主義。然而，好日不长，一天憨第德一时冲动亲吻了Cunegonde，恰巧被她父亲撞见，于是憨第德被这贵族“踢着背”赶了出城堡。憨第德从此开始了他漫长的旅行生涯，周游欧洲各地以及北美洲。一路上他见证并亲身体会了人间的苦难，潘格羅士所教授给他的乐观主义不断受到挑战，并开始不断质问人生的意义。在最后，几经离合，当众人再次聚在一块时，（伏爾泰為）憨第德做出結論，如不徹底的拒斥樂觀主義，专注于现实辛勤耕耘，人生才不会那么痛苦，「我們必須照顧我們的花園」(Il faut cultiver notre jardin.)，而不是无休止地讨论哲学问题，否定潘格羅士的萊布尼茨式魔咒，「對去任何世界而言，這樣子生活是最好的」“ It's for the best of all possible worlds”。

《老实人》以它諷刺的語調，以及它古怪、怪誕且緊湊的故事情節聞名。有著類似較嚴肅的教育小說或浪人小說的情節，它滑稽地模仿了許多冒險與愛情的陳詞濫調，並以尖刻、風趣而不帶感情的筆調描寫其奮鬥過程。被論述的事情仍舊通常取材自歷史事件，例如七年戰爭及1755年里斯本大地震。當伏爾泰時代的哲學家們為罪惡問題爭辯不休時，這本小說裡的憨第德也不例外，儘管其更直接而滑稽。伏爾泰透過諷喻譏笑宗教信仰、神學家、政府、軍隊、哲學與哲學家；最顯著的，他抨擊萊布尼茨及他的樂觀主義。

參考資料

參考書目

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延伸閱讀

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外部連結

• Candide: Illustrations of a classic – Bibliography of illustrated editions, list of available electronic editions and more useful information from Trier University Library
• A digital scanning of a 1901 edition of Candide （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Candide （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – free audio download from LibriVox（English translation)
• Podcast lecture on Candide from Dr Martin Evans at Stanford University （iTunes link）
• – a public wiki dedicated to Candide
• A Brief Bibliography for the Study of Candide （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – issued by the Voltaire Society of America