环节动物门

環節動物門; 化石时期：奥陶纪至全新世 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	《自然界的藝術形態》（1904），圖版96: Chaetopoda
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
亚界：	真後生動物亞界 Eumetazoa
演化支：	副同源异形基因动物 ParaHoxozoa
演化支：	两侧对称动物 Bilateria
演化支：	腎管動物 Nephrozoa
演化支：	原口动物 Protostomia
演化支：	螺旋動物 Spiralia
总门：	冠輪動物總門 Lophotrochozoa
门：	環節動物門 Annelida; Lamarck, 1809
纲
	多毛纲 (Polychaeta; paraphyletic?); 環帶綱 (Clitellata; see below) 原環蟲亞綱 Acanthobdellida; 蛭蚓亞綱 Branchiobdellae; 蛭亞綱 Hirudinea; 寡毛亞綱 Oligochaeta; ; 原始環蟲綱（Archiannelida，多系群）; 星蟲動物（Sipuncula，原先是一個門）; †纲 Machaeridia;
多样性
	约17,000個已確認的現存種

环节动物门（學名：Annelida）是动物界的一个门，该门动物为两侧对称、同律分节的裂生体腔动物，有的具疣足和刚毛，多闭管式循环系统、链式神经系统。常见环节动物有：蚯蚓、蚂蟥（又称水蛭）、沙蚕等。

身体构造[编辑]

环节动物的消化系统由口，咽，食道，腺囊，肌肉胃，中肠和肛门组成，循环系统由心脏，腹背两套血管和滋养器官的小型侧边血管组成。

每一个体节里有两个后肾管，它们负责收集前一体节的体液。体液通过肾孔流到下一体节，途中经过盘曲的肾管，直到膀胱。然后通过肾孔排出体外。终尿里面是含氮的物质。而无机盐则会被肾管上皮重吸收回到血液。为了平衡通过皮肤吸收的水分，尿液会稀释得很厉害。每天可排出約体重的60%稀薄尿液。后肾管被腹膜“绑”着固定于体腔壁上。

环节动物的繁殖能力非常强：体节的分离和出芽生殖的无性生殖。但有性生殖也很重要。多毛纲的动物大多是雌雄异体。而原环虫纲则是雌雄同体。

下属分类[编辑]

见：环节动物分类表

本门包括以下纲：^[2]

环带纲 Clitellata
多毛纲 Polychaeta

纲和目的地位未定的科：

纲、目和科的地位未定的属：

Acritobdella Ringuelet, 1978
Adaetobdella Ringuelet, 1978
Adenobdella Leidy, 1885
Albione Savigny, 1822
Ambalodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
Ancyrobdella Oka, 1917
Anoculobdella Weber, 1915
Anoigmaichnus Vinn, Wilson, Mõtus & Toom, 2014
Argyrobdella Cordero, 1937
Asabellarifex Klähn, 1932
Astacobdella Moquin-Tandon, 1846
Aulacodus Pander, 1856
Aulacostomum Grube, 1850
Aulozoon Gehling & Runnegar, 2022
Bakedebdella Sciacchitano, 1939
Barbarodina Stauffer, 1935
Belodus Pander, 1856
Blennobdella Blanchard, 1849
Bransonella Harlton, 1933
Cardiodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
Caribeobdella Ringuelet, 1976
Centrognathus Branson & Mehl, 1935
Cephalopus Gronov, 1762
Chenidrilus Song, 1994
Clepsinides Augener, 1926
Cololites Agassiz, 1836
Colombobdella Mane-Garzon, 1973
Conphytobdella Richardson, 1975
Crossopodia M'Coy, 1851
Cymatobranchus Selensky
Dacnobdella Ringuelet, 1978
Dactylobdella van Beneden & Hesse, 1863
Dagarobdella Finogenova & Snimschikova, 1991
Dartevellida Sciacchitano, 1939
Democedes Kinberg, 1866
Dermobdella Philippi, 1867
Dichognathus Branson & Mehl, 1933
Diplotuba Badve & Ghare, 1984
Dualigenys Courtinat, 1998
Dubichaetaspis Eriksson, 1998
Dundjibdella Sciacchitano, 1939
Epsteinia Utevsky, 1994
Erpobdelliformes Sawyer, 1986
Eubranchella Baird, 1869
Exochleius Rafinesque, 1819
Ganymedes Leigh-Sharpe, 1915
Glossobdella de Blainville, 1827
Glossophora Gray, 1831
Glossopora Johnson, 1817
Gnatho Goldfuss, 1820
Gnathodella Matern, 1933
Goel Oken, 1815
Granelia Harant & Verniéres, 1936
Gyrognathus Stauffer, 1935
Haemobdella Brandt, 1911
Haemocharis Savigny, 1822
Haemonis Bernouilli, 1849
Hararbdella Sciacchitano, 1941
Haughtonia Kinahan, 1859
Helluo Oken, 1815
Helminthodes Marsh, 1864
Herpetonites Otto, 1855
Heterognathus Stauffer, 1935
Hippobdella de Blainville, 1827
Hirudella Münster, 1842
Histioderma Kinahan, 1858
Huananoserpula Xu, Lin & Wang, 1992
Hybobdella Weyenbergh, 1879
Hylacobdella Sciacchitano, 1935
Hypsobdella Weber, 1915
Icthyodus Harris & Hollingsworth, 1933
Idiobdella Harding, 1913
Idrisobdella Leigh-Sharpe, 1933
Igriodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
Imbricina Rovereto, 1904
Ischyracanthus Marsh, 1865
Jatrobdella de Blainville, 1827
Jennaria Rieger, 1991
Lapillitubus Belaústegui & Belaústegui, 2017
Lapispira Lange, 1932
Lecthaylus Weller, 1925
Lepodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
Leptostoma Whitman, 1886
Lobina Moquin-Tandon, 1846
Lonchodus Pander, 1856
Lonchosaccus Ruedemann, 1925
Maghrebiella Baha & Berra, 2001
Maiabdella Ringuelet, 1980
Malayabdella Richardson, 1975
Matadibdella Sciacchitano, 1939
Meanderovaleichnus Cónsole-Gonella & Aceñolaza, 2014
Micrapium Thorell, 1870
Microstoma Whitman, 1885
Miskoia Walcott, 1911
Moluccabdella Richardson, 1975
Mongbwalubdella Sciacchitano, 1939
Monopus Gosse, 1855
Mooreotorix Lukin, 1976
Moquinia Blanchard, 1888
Multidentodus Harlton, 1933
Myrianites MacLeay, 1839
Nemapodia Emmons, 1846
Nosamia Rafinesque, 1814
Nothognathella Branson & Mehl, 1933
Oikobesalon Thomas & Smith, 1998
Oliveiriana Maury, 1927
Ophibdella Beneden & Hesse, 1863
Ornataporta Gardner, 1916
Ortonia Nicholson, 1872
Pachysomia Kilwinning-Smith, 1907
Palaeobdella Blainville, 1829
Palaeohirudo Kozur, 1970
Palaeonereis Eichwald, 1856
Palaeorbis Beneden & Coemans, 1867
Palmatodella Bassler, 1925
Paltodus Pander, 1856
Panderodella Ulrich & Bassler, 1926
Parapontobdella Harant, 1929
Paratorix Lukin & Epshtein, 1960
Pentabdella Llewellyn, 1966
Pharyngobdelliformes Caballero, 1952
Phormio Goldfuss, 1820
Pilothylakos Manum, Bose & Sawyer, 1991
Pinacobdella Diesing, 1850
Plagiodina Cooper, 1933
Plagiogmus Roedel, 1929
Plectospathodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
Podobdella Diesing, 1850
Podoclepsis Dequal, 1916
Polodorites Douvillé, 1907
Polycaulodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
Polygnathodella Harlton, 1933
Polyupsilon Howell, 1957
Prioniodella Bassler, 1925
Prionocanthus Pander, 1856
Pseudobdella Blainville, 1827
Pyrgopolopsis Rovereto, 1903
Sabellarites Dawson, 1890
Sabellarites Richter, 1920
Sanguisuga Bruguière, 1789
Schlegelia Weyenbergh, 1880
Sciobdella Richardson, 1971
Scolopodella Stauffer & Plummer, 1932
Scorpaenobdella Saint-Loup, 1886
Scotlandia Cossmann, 1909
Semiscoloides Sawyer, 1986
Serpulina Zborzevski, 1834
Serpuloides Murchison, 1839
Skolekichnus Ellenberger, 1974
Sphagodus Eichwald, 1854
Spinacoleus Schallreuter, 1985
Stephanodella Matern, 1933
Suabdella
Subcordylodus Stauffer, 1935
Subprioniodus Smith, 1907
Sulcichnus Martinell & Domenech, 2009
Synprioniodina Bassler, 1925
Telumodina Cooper, 1931
Tentaculina Zborzewski, 1834
Tetralysis Eudes-DesLongchamps, 1878
Thartharella Elliot, 1980
Tortoniodus Stauffer, 1935
Trachelobdella Moore, 1957
Trachyderma Phillips, 1848
Tribothrynobdella Ringuelet, 1976
Trigonobdella Sciacchitano, 1939
Tristabdella Richardson, 1975
Trucherognathus Branson & Mehl, 1933
Trulliodbella Brinkmann, 1948
Typhlobdella Diesing, 1850
Urotheca Matthew, 1899
Valentia Smith, 1907
Vermicularis Borson
Vermiculites Bronn, 1848
Virgulaxonia Yin, 1937
Wenghuiia Wang & Wang, 2008
Worthenella Walcott, 1911

参考文献[编辑]

^ Zhang, Zhi-Qiang. Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa. 2013-08-30, 3703 (1): 5 [2018-03-02]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3. （原始内容存档于2019-04-24）.
^ Annelida. GBIF. [2023-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-29）.

[Zhang2013-1] Zhang, Zhi-Qiang. Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa. 2013-08-30, 3703 (1): 5 [2018-03-02]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3. （原始内容存档于2019-04-24）.

[2] Annelida. GBIF. [2023-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-29）.

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