神经多样性

神经多样性（英語：Neurodiversity）是指人脑和認知的多樣性，例如社交、學習、注意力、情緒與心理功能等。^[1]

在社會行為、学习能力、注意力、心境和其他心理功能上的变异并不具有病理性，而是正常范围内的变化。^[2]^[3]这一名词于1998年由澳大利亚社会学家朱迪·辛格提出，他与美国记者哈维·布卢姆一起推广了这一概念。^[3]这一概念挑战了当时认为某些神经发展障碍具有固有病理性（英语：Medical model of disability）的普遍观点，它采用了残障社会模型（英语：Social model of disability），在此模型中社会壁垒（英语：Disability_rights_movement#Disability_barriers）是使人残障的主要因素。^[4]^[5]

历史[编辑]

与残障权利运动的关联[编辑]

神經多樣性範式首先由自閉症患者開發和接受^[6]^[7]，但已應用於其他情況，例如注意力不足過動症 (ADHD)、發育性言語障礙、失讀症、書寫障礙、發展協調障礙^[8]、計算障礙（英语：Dyscalculia）、失語症、智能障礙、和妥瑞症(圖雷特綜合症)^[9]。更廣泛的概念化 ^{[誰說的？]} 包括精神疾病，例如精神分裂症^[5]^[10]，雙相情緒障礙症^[11]，分裂情感性障碍，以及更具爭議性的人格障礙，例如反社会人格障碍^[12]。神經多樣性倡導者^{[哪個／哪些？]} 譴責將神經發育障礙框架化為需要醫療干預才能“治愈”或“修復”它們，而是提倡支持系統，例如以包容為中心的服務、住宿、通信和輔助技術、職業培訓和獨立生活支持^[13]^[14]。目的是讓個人獲得尊重人類多樣性、自我表達和存在的真實形式的支持，而不是強迫或迫使他們採用正常的規範觀念或符合臨床理想的治療^[15]^{[需要較佳来源]}^{[需要解释]}。

神經多樣性的支持者通過承認神經多樣性不需要治愈、改變當前基於“狀況、疾病、障礙或疾病”的命名法的語言、“拓寬對健康或獨立的理解生活”，承認新型的自主權，並讓神經分化的個體更多地控制他們的治療，包括類型、時間以及是否應該進行治療^[16]^[5]。

参见[编辑]

反精神醫學(Anti-psychiatry)
自閉症藝術（英语：Autistic art）
残障权利运动（英语：Disability rights movement）
多样性培训（英语：Diversity training）
疯子尊严
精神科幸存者运动（英语：Psychiatric survivors movement）
身份認同政治
遗传多样性
政治正確

参考文献[编辑]

^ Armstrong, Thomas. The power of neurodiversity: unleashing the advantages of your differently wired brain.. 2011. ISBN 9780738215242.
^ Autism as a Natural Human Variation: Reflections on the Claims of the Neurodiversity Movement (PDF). Linköping University. [November 5, 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-02-27）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Armstrong, Thomas. The power of neurodiversity : unleashing the advantages of your differently wired brain 1st Da Capo Press paperback. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Lifelong. 2011. ISBN 9780738215242. OCLC 760085215.
^ Oliver, Michael, 1945-2019. Social work with disabled people. Sapey, Bob. 3rd. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. ISBN 1403918384. OCLC 62326930.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Chapman, Robert. Neurodiversity Theory and Its Discontents: Autism, Schizophrenia, and the Social Model of Disability. Tekin, Serife; Bluhm, Robyn (编). The Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophy of Psychiatry. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2019-01-10: 371–387 [2020-12-12]. ISBN 9781350024069. （原始内容存档于2020-07-28）（英语）.
^ Jaarsma P, Welin S. Autism as a natural human variation: reflections on the claims of the neurodiversity movement (PDF). Health Care Analysis. March 2012, 20 (1): 20–30. PMID 21311979. S2CID 18618887. doi:10.1007/s10728-011-0169-9. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于November 1, 2013）.
^ Woodford G. 'We Don't Need to be Cured' Autistics Say. National Review of Medicine. 2006, 3 (8). （原始内容存档于March 3, 2016）.
^ Arnold L. Autonomy, the Critical Journal of Interdisciplinary Autism Studies. Kapp SK (编). Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement. Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement: Stories from the Frontline (Singapore: Springer). 2020: 211–220. ISBN 978-981-13-8437-0. S2CID 210551456. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_15 （英语）.
^ Mackenzie R, Watts J. Is our legal, health care and social support infrastructure neurodiverse enough? How far are the aims of the neurodiversity movement fulfilled for those diagnosed with cognitive disability and learning disability?. Tizard Learning Disability Review. January 31, 2011, 16 (1): 30–37. doi:10.5042/tldr.2011.0005. We recommend, therefore, that the term neurodiverse include the conditions ASD, ADHD, OCD, language disorders, developmental coordination disorder, dyslexia and Tourette's syndrome.
^ Morrice P. Otherwise Minded. The New York Times. 29 January 2006 [2023-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-13）. review of A Mind Apart: Travels in a Neurodiverse World
^ Antonetta S. A mind apart: travels in a neurodiverse world. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin. 2005. ISBN 1-58542-382-3. OCLC 60671914.
^ Anton AL. The Virtue of Sociopaths: how to appreciate the neurodiversity of sociopathy without becoming a victim. Ethics and Neurodiversity. 2013 [August 2, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.
^ 引证错误：没有为名为Neurodiversity Movement 2021的参考文献提供内容
^ Position Statements. Autistic Self Advocacy Network. May 28, 2011 [April 21, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-17）.
^ What is Neurodiversity?. National Symposium on Neurodiversity at Syracuse University. 2011 [October 2, 2012]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-16）.
^ Fenton A, Krahn T. Autism, neurodiversity and equality beyond the'normal. (PDF). Journal of Ethics in Mental Health. November 2007, 2 (2): 1–6 [2023-05-01]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-04-28）.

扩展阅读[编辑]

Armstrong, Thomas. Neurodiversity: Discovering the Extraordinary Gifts of Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, and Other Brain Differences. Boston: Da Capo Lifelong. 2010: 288. ISBN 978-0738213545.
Armstrong, Thomas. Neurodiversity in the Classroom: Strength-Based Strategies to Help Students with Special Needs Succeed in School and Life. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development. 2012: 188. ISBN 978-1416614838.
Silberman, Steve. Neurodiversity Rewires Conventional Thinking About Brains. Wired. [7 May 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-03）.
Reitman, Harold. Aspertools: The Practical Guide for Understanding and Embracing Asperger's, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and Neurodiversity. Deerfield Beach, FL: HCI Books. 2015: 240. ISBN 9780757318542.

外部链接[编辑]

[1] Armstrong, Thomas. The power of neurodiversity: unleashing the advantages of your differently wired brain.. 2011. ISBN 9780738215242.

[2] Autism as a Natural Human Variation: Reflections on the Claims of the Neurodiversity Movement (PDF). Linköping University. [November 5, 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-02-27）.

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Armstrong, Thomas. The power of neurodiversity : unleashing the advantages of your differently wired brain 1st Da Capo Press paperback. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Lifelong. 2011. ISBN 9780738215242. OCLC 760085215.

[4] Oliver, Michael, 1945-2019. Social work with disabled people. Sapey, Bob. 3rd. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. ISBN 1403918384. OCLC 62326930.

[Bloomsbury-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Chapman, Robert. Neurodiversity Theory and Its Discontents: Autism, Schizophrenia, and the Social Model of Disability. Tekin, Serife; Bluhm, Robyn (编). The Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophy of Psychiatry. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2019-01-10: 371–387 [2020-12-12]. ISBN 9781350024069. （原始内容存档于2020-07-28）（英语）.

[Jaarsma-6] Jaarsma P, Welin S. Autism as a natural human variation: reflections on the claims of the neurodiversity movement (PDF). Health Care Analysis. March 2012, 20 (1): 20–30. PMID 21311979. S2CID 18618887. doi:10.1007/s10728-011-0169-9. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于November 1, 2013）.

[Woodford-7] Woodford G. 'We Don't Need to be Cured' Autistics Say. National Review of Medicine. 2006, 3 (8). （原始内容存档于March 3, 2016）.

[8] Arnold L. Autonomy, the Critical Journal of Interdisciplinary Autism Studies. Kapp SK (编). Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement. Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement: Stories from the Frontline (Singapore: Springer). 2020: 211–220. ISBN 978-981-13-8437-0. S2CID 210551456. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_15 （英语）.

[Mackenzie_2011-01-31-9] Mackenzie R, Watts J. Is our legal, health care and social support infrastructure neurodiverse enough? How far are the aims of the neurodiversity movement fulfilled for those diagnosed with cognitive disability and learning disability?. Tizard Learning Disability Review. January 31, 2011, 16 (1): 30–37. doi:10.5042/tldr.2011.0005. We recommend, therefore, that the term neurodiverse include the conditions ASD, ADHD, OCD, language disorders, developmental coordination disorder, dyslexia and Tourette's syndrome.

[10] Morrice P. Otherwise Minded. The New York Times. 29 January 2006 [2023-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-13）. review of A Mind Apart: Travels in a Neurodiverse World

[11] Antonetta S. A mind apart: travels in a neurodiverse world. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin. 2005. ISBN 1-58542-382-3. OCLC 60671914.

[12] Anton AL. The Virtue of Sociopaths: how to appreciate the neurodiversity of sociopathy without becoming a victim. Ethics and Neurodiversity. 2013 [August 2, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.

[Neurodiversity_Movement_2021-13] 引证错误：没有为名为Neurodiversity Movement 2021的参考文献提供内容

[ASAN-14] Position Statements. Autistic Self Advocacy Network. May 28, 2011 [April 21, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-17）.

[Syracuse-15] What is Neurodiversity?. National Symposium on Neurodiversity at Syracuse University. 2011 [October 2, 2012]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-16）.

[article-16] Fenton A, Krahn T. Autism, neurodiversity and equality beyond the'normal. (PDF). Journal of Ethics in Mental Health. November 2007, 2 (2): 1–6 [2023-05-01]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-04-28）.

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