耳毒性
| 耳毒性 | |
|---|---|
| 分类和外部资源 | |
| 醫學專科 | 耳鼻喉頭頸外科 |
| ICD-11 | AB53 |
| ICD-10 | H91.0 |
| DiseasesDB | 2874 |
| eMedicine | 857679 |
耳毒性(英語:Ototoxicity)是指对耳朵(尤其是耳蜗或听神经,有时也包括前庭系统)产生毒性作用的特性,如作为药物的副作用出现。这一现象自19世纪起就已被认知。[1]
临床上使用的许多药物被公认具有耳毒性,但尽管这些药物存在引发听力障碍的风险,医生仍会为治疗严重的疾病而开具这些药物。[2]常见的耳毒性药物包括氨基糖苷类抗生素[3](如庆大霉素、链霉素和妥布霉素)、袢利尿剂[4](如呋塞米)及铂类化疗药物[5](如顺铂和卡铂)。此外,许多非甾体类抗炎药也被认为具有一定的耳毒性。[6][7]一些环境和职业化学品也会影响听觉系统,并与噪音产生协同作用。[8]
徵候與症狀
[编辑]耳毒性可导致耳蜗、前庭功能障碍,或二者兼有,具体症状包括感觉神经性耳聋、耳鸣、眩晕、听觉过敏、平衡障碍;这些症状在发作次数、发作时间、严重程度以及是否可逆方面各不相同,其可能是暂时且可逆的,也可能是永久且不可逆的。[9][10]
聽覺症狀
[编辑]聽力損失
[编辑]耳毒性誘發的聽力損失通常是影響在高頻範圍,在波及低頻範圍之前,會先影響8000赫茲(Hz) 以上的頻率。[11]關於衡量耳毒性誘發聽力損失嚴重程度的方法,尚無全球共識,目前有多種標準可用於定義和衡量這種症狀。[12][13]對兒童與成人所用的指南與標準會有不同。[11]
目前至少有13種針對耳毒性分級 (聽力損失) 的分類法。[14]包括有美國國家癌症研究所的常見不良事件評價標準 (CTCAE)、Brock氏聽力損失分級(Brock's Hearing Loss Grades)、Tune分級系統(Tune grading system)及Chang分級系統(Chang grading system)。[12]
國家癌症研究所的常見不良事件評價標準(根據2009年美國聽力學學會耳毒性監測指南):[11]
- 第1級:相對於基準值,在至少一隻耳中,兩個或多個連續頻率的平均閾值偏移或損失為15–25分貝(dB)
- 第2級:在至少一隻耳中,兩個連續測試頻率的平均閾值偏移或損失 >25-90分貝
- 第3級:聽力損失足以指示需要進行聽力復健,如助聽器及/或語言治療服務
- 第4級:符合人工耳蝸植入指徵
Brock氏聽力損失分級 (根據2009年美國聽力學學會耳毒性監測指南):[11]
- 第0級:所有頻率的聽力閾值 <40分貝
- 第1級:8000赫茲處的閾值為40分貝或更高
- 第2級:4000-8000赫茲處的閾值為40分貝或更高
- 第3級:2000-8000赫茲處的閾值為40分貝或更高
- 第4級:1000-8000赫茲處的閾值為40分貝或更高
Chang分級系統(根據研究人員Ganesan等人於2018年發表的報告):[12]
- 0:在1、2和4赫茲處 ≤ 20分貝
- 1a:在6到12赫茲處的任何頻率 ≥ 40分貝
- 1b:在4赫茲處 > 20且 < 40分貝
- 2a:在4赫茲處及以上頻率 ≥ 40分貝
- 2b:在4赫茲處以下的任何頻率 > 20且 < 40分貝
- 3:在2或3赫茲處及以上頻率 ≥ 40分貝
- 4:在1赫茲處及以上頻率 ≥ 40分貝
Tune分級系統 (根據研究人員Ganesan等人於2018年發表的報告):[12]
- 0:無聽力損失
- 1a:8, 10, 和12.5處的閾值偏移 ≥ 10分貝
- 1b:1, 2, 和4赫茲處的閾值偏移 ≥ 10分貝
- 2a:8, 10, 和12.5赫茲處的閾值偏移 ≥ 20分貝
- 2b:1, 2, 和4赫茲處的閾值偏移 ≥ 20分貝
- 3:1, 2, 和4赫茲處 ≥ 35分貝聽力級(HL)
- 4:1, 2, 和4赫茲處 ≥ 70分貝聽力級
聽覺過敏
[编辑]聽覺過敏是指對於通常被視為正常,或可忍受的音量,在感官上對其強度產生異常劇烈的敏感反應。
前庭症狀
[编辑]由耳毒性導致的前庭症狀包括一般的頭暈、眩暈、不平衡及視物顯振症。
具耳毒性的物質
[编辑]抗生素
[编辑]胺基糖苷類抗生素,如慶大黴素和妥布黴素,可能透過尚未被完全了解的機制產生耳蝸毒性。[15]可能是由於抗生素結合到耳蝸中的N-甲基-D-天門冬氨酸受體,並透過興奮性毒性去損害神經元所致。[16]胺基糖苷類抗生素誘發而產生的活性氧也可能損傷耳蝸細胞。[3]每日給藥一次[17]及併用乙醯半胱氨酸[18]可預防這類藥物誘發的耳毒性。胺基糖苷類化合物的抗菌活性是由於抑制核糖體功能,且由於粒線體是由細菌祖先演化而來,這些化合物也會同樣抑制粒線體核糖體的蛋白質合成。[19]因此,氨基糖苷類對活性氧產生的影響以及細胞鈣離子穩態失調可能是由於線粒體功能受干擾所致。[20]慶大黴素的耳毒性可用於治療某些梅尼爾氏症患者,透過破壞內耳來停止眩暈發作,但會導致永久性耳聾。[21]由於這類藥物會干擾粒線體功能,某些患有遺傳性粒線體疾病的個體會對胺基糖苷類的毒性作用表現出更高的敏感性。
巨環內酯類抗生素,包括紅黴素,與可逆的耳毒性作用相關。[22]耳毒性的潛在機制可能是耳蝸管血管紋中的離子運輸蛋白受損。[22]誘發因素包括腎功能受損、肝功能受損及近期所做的器官移植。[22]
環利尿劑
[编辑]某些類型的利尿劑與不同程度的耳毒性風險相關。環利尿劑和噻嗪類利尿劑具有此副作用。環利尿劑 - 呋塞米與耳毒性有關,特別是當劑量超過每小時240毫克時。[4]相關化合物依他尼酸與耳毒性的關聯更高,因此僅能用於對磺胺類藥物過敏的患者。利尿劑被認為會改變耳蝸管血管紋內的離子梯度。[23]布美他尼的耳毒性風險較呋塞米為低。[22]
化療藥物
[编辑]含鉑化療藥物,包括順鉑和卡鉑,與耳蝸毒性相關,其特徵為漸進性的高頻聽力損失,伴隨或不伴隨耳鳴。 [5]相關化合物奧沙利鉑較少見到耳毒性。[24]順鉑誘發耳毒性的嚴重程度取決於給藥的累積劑量[25]和患者的年齡,其中幼童最易受到影響。[26]順鉑耳毒性的確切機制尚未被了解。已知該藥會損害耳蝸的多個區域,導致外部毛細胞死亡,並損害螺旋神經節神經元和耳蝸管血管紋細胞。[27]順鉑在耳蝸中長期滯留可能會增加藥物的耳蝸毒性潛力。[28]順鉑被認為一旦進入耳蝸,會透過多種不同機制引起細胞毒性,包括透過產生活性氧。[29]奧沙利鉑耳毒性發生率較低,歸因於耳蝸細胞對該藥的吸收減少。[24]曾有使用氨磷汀來預防順鉑誘發的耳毒性的嘗試,但美國臨床腫瘤學會建議不要常規使用。[30]
長春花生物鹼類,[31][32][33]包括長春新鹼,[34]也與可逆性耳毒性相關。[22]
消毒劑與除菌劑
[编辑]外用皮膚製劑如氯己定和乙醇 (酒精),如果透過圓窗膜進入內耳,具有耳毒性的潛力。[22]這種潛力最初是在一小部分接受早期鼓膜成形術的患者經歷嚴重的感音神經性耳聾後而被注意到。研究所有涉及此併發症的手術中,發現術前消毒皆使用過氯己定。[35]氯己定的耳毒性透過動物模型研究得到進一步證實。[22]
其他幾種皮膚製劑在動物模型中也被證明具有潛在的耳毒性。這些製劑包括乙酸 (醋酸)、丙二醇、季銨化合物以及任何醇類製劑。然而很難將這些結果外推到人類耳毒性,因為人類的圓窗膜比任何動物模型都要厚得多。[22]
其他醫用耳毒性藥物
[编辑]使用高劑量的奎寧、乙醯柳酸(阿斯匹靈)和其他水楊酸鹽也可能引起高音耳鳴和雙耳聽力損失,通常在停藥後可逆。[22]治療勃起功能障礙的藥物可能具有引起聽力損失的潛力。[36]然而勃起功能障礙藥物與聽力損失之間的聯繫仍不確定。[37]
研究並未發現先前的噪音暴露史會加劇藥物引發的耳毒性聽力損失。[38][39]美國聽力學學會(American Academy of Audiology)在他們的立場聲明中提到,在接觸胺基糖苷類的同時,又暴露於噪音,可能會加劇耳毒性。美國聽力學學會建議接受耳毒性化療藥物治療的人在治療期間以及停藥後的幾個月內避免曝露於過度噪音。阿片類藥物結合過度噪音水平也可能對耳毒性聽力損失產生加乘效應。[40]
環境與職場中的耳毒性物質
[编辑]奎寧、農藥、溶劑、窒息氣體以及汞和鉛等重金屬也具耳毒性。[8][22][41][42]當結合多種耳毒性物質時,聽力損失的風險會變得更大。[43][44][45]由於這些暴露情況十分普遍,許多職業與行業的勞工可能因而會受到聽力受損的影響。[46][47]這種風險可能一直受到忽視,因為對工人進行的個別聽力測試(純音聽力檢查)無法讓人確定聽力影響是噪音,還是化學暴露的後果。[48]
經常同時暴露於噪音和溶劑的活動案例有:[49]印刷、繪畫、建築、車輛和飛機加油、消防、槍砲射擊、噴灑農藥。
環境中 (來自受污染的空氣或水) 或職場中的耳毒性化學物質會以不同方式與噪音引起的耳蝸毛細胞機械壓力相互作用。對於含有有機溶劑 (如甲苯、苯乙烯或二甲苯) 的混合物,與噪音共同暴露會以協同效應的方式增加職業性聽力損失的風險。[8][50]當伴隨脈衝噪音一同暴露時,風險最高。[51][52]一氧化碳已被證明會增加噪音導致聽力損失的嚴重程度。[50]正因為這些化學物質與噪音結合後會大幅拉高聽力受損的機率,日常應嚴格限制對燃料、溶劑及廢氣等產品的暴露與接觸。[53]噪音暴露應保持在85分貝以下,化學暴露應低於監管機構標示的建議暴露限值。
藥物暴露結合噪音可能會導致耳毒性聽力損失風險增加。噪音暴露結合化療藥順鉑會使個人面臨更高的耳毒性聽力損失風險。[38]85分貝聲壓級(SPL)或以上的噪音增加栗鼠耳蝸高頻區域毛細胞的死亡數量。[54]
化學物質引起的聽力損失可能與過度噪音引起的聽力損失非常相似。美國職業安全與健康管理局 (OSHA) 和美國國立職業安全與健康研究所 (NIOSH) 於2018年發佈的一份資訊公告介紹此問題,提供耳毒性化學物質的案例,列出有風險的行業和職業,並提供預防資訊。[55]關於暴露於耳毒性化學物質對工人的健康管理的相關資訊相關資訊已於2025年發佈在維基學院的網頁上。[1]
耳毒性監測/管理
[编辑]世界各地大多數發佈的指南都集中在藥物的耳毒性上,但對於一個全球統一認可的方案尚未達成共識。[13][14]
已發佈的指南有:
- 美國聽力語言學會 (ASHA) 於1994年發佈指南。[56]其中根據年齡和反應能力,對不同監測程序的時程表有詳細說明。[56]
- 美國聽力學學會 (AAA) 於2009年發佈指南。[57]其中詳細說明可使用的測試種類。
- 南非健康專業委員會 (HPSCA) 於2018年發佈的指南。[58]
聽覺測試
[编辑]涉及藥物耳毒性監測/管理 (OtoM) 的聽覺測試通常包括一般聽力學評估、高頻聽力檢查 (HFA) 和耳聲傳射(OAEs)。[57][56]因為傳統檢查只測到8000赫茲,會漏掉藥物最先破壞的高頻區域,所以要改用測得更廣的HFA。[57]且為確認損傷確實是由藥物造成,必須在使用藥物前先建立基準值作為比較的標準。[57][56]
顯著變化標準
[编辑]關於聽力顯著變化的認定已有相關指南可循,[57][59]這些標準能作為後續處置的指標,例如評估是否需進行聽力復健,或是調整化療等耳毒性暴露源的治療方案。使用純音聽力檢查時,ASHA認為如果出現以下情況,則表示發生顯著變化:[60][56]
- 在任何測試頻率下,純音閾值下降 ≥ 20分貝,或
- 在兩個相鄰頻率下下降 ≥ 10分貝,或
- 在先前獲得反應的三個連續測試頻率下無反應。
若使用失真產物耳聲傳射 (DPOAEs) 進行檢測,在耳毒性敏感頻率範圍內,觀察到振幅較基準值減少6分貝或更多,即代表出現具有臨床意義的偏差,足以判定為聽力功能受損。[60]
前庭測試
[编辑]專門針對前庭毒性的測試包括前庭冷熱試驗、旋轉椅測試、前庭誘發肌電位 (VEMPs) 以及電腦化動態平衡檢查 (CDP)。然而,目前國際間對於耳毒性治療期間或治療後的前庭功能監測與管理,尚無統一公認的臨床指南。[61]
參見
[编辑]引用
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外部連結
[编辑]- OSHA-NIOSH 2018. Preventing Hearing Loss Caused by Chemical (Ototoxicity) and Noise Exposure Safety and Health Information Bulletin (SHIB), Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. SHIB 03-08-2018. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2018-124. https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHPUB2018124
- The Ear Poisons, The Synergist, American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2018.
- World Report on Hearing, World Health Organization, 2021.
- International Ototoxicity Management Group.