第一代黑格伯爵道格拉斯·黑格
外观
(重定向自道格拉斯·黑格)
| 道格拉斯·黑格 Douglas Haig | |
|---|---|
陸軍元帥黑格 | |
| 昵称 | 戰場大師(Master of the Field)[1] 索姆河屠夫(The Butcher of the Somme)[2] 屠夫黑格('Butcher' Haig)[3] |
| 出生 | 1861年6月19日 蘇格蘭愛丁堡夏洛特廣場 |
| 逝世 | 1928年1月29日(66歲) 英格蘭倫敦騎士橋 |
| 军种 | 英國陸軍 |
| 服役年份 | 1884年—1920年 |
| 军衔 | 陸軍元帥 |
| 统率 | 英国远征军(1915–19) 第一軍團(1914–15) 第1軍(1914) |
| 参与战争 | |
| 获得勋章 | 薊花勳章 巴斯爵級大十字勳章 功績勳章 皇家維多利亞勳章 印度帝國爵級大司令勳章 |
道格拉斯·黑格(英語:Douglas Haig;1861年6月19日—1928年1月28日),蘇格蘭裔英國陸軍將領,最高軍階為陸軍元帥,在第一次世界大戰期間擔任要職,曾於1915年至1919年間任英國遠征軍總司令。
黑格於1884年就讀桑赫斯特皇家军事学院,職業初期服役於英國陸軍部,後於1909年至1912年擔任駐英属印度陆军參謀長,於1910年晉升中將。1914年第一次世界大战爆發,黑格初任英軍第1軍司令,後於1914年12月25日升任第一軍團司令。1915年12月10日,他取代約翰·弗倫奇成為新任英國遠征軍總司令。1916年,黑格率英軍投入索姆河战役。然其表現遜於南翼法軍,僅在局部取得進佔且傷亡慘重。1917年1月,他晉升為陸軍元帥,隨後率領英軍參與阿拉斯戰役、帕斯尚爾戰役等役,並協同法軍投入百日攻勢,使各方於1918年11月11日簽署停戰協定。1928年1月29日,他在倫敦去世。
黑格雖在戰後初期聲望頗佳,其葬禮甚至被定為國殤日,但當時已不乏其政見與能力的批判。自1960年代起,他的戰時領導表現開始飽受詬病[4][5][6]。其因西線英軍傷亡人數高達兩百萬,被冠以「屠夫」的惡名[4]。加拿大戰爭博物館對此評論道:「他在索姆河與帕斯尚爾發動的攻勢規模宏大卻代價慘重,幾乎成了第一次世界大戰屠戮與徒勞的代名詞[7]。」自1980年代以來,許多史學家轉而認為,大眾對黑格的抨擊忽視了其部隊對新戰術與新技術的採納,亦抹殺英軍在1918年聯軍勝利中扮演的關鍵角色。史學界主張,慘重的傷亡實乃當時戰術與戰略環境下的必然產物[8][9][10][11][12][13]。
另見
[编辑]註腳
[编辑]- ^ Davidson 2010, xx and pp. 126, 149.
- ^ Lions Led By Donkeys? – the Somme – Background. The National Archives. [22 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-03).
- ^ Douglas Haig. National Army Museum. [22 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于14 February 2011).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Field Marshal Douglas Haig would have let Germany win, biography says. The Times. 10 November 2008 [2 August 2022].
- ^ J. P. Harris, Douglas Haig and the First World War (2009), p. 545
- ^ Norman, Geoffrey. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig: World War I's Worst General. Historynet (Military History Magazine). 11 May 2007 [2 August 2022].
- ^ See "Canada and the First World War: Sir Douglas Haig"
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
Sheffield 2002, p. 21的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
Gary Sheffield p. 263的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
Hart 2008, p. 2的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Davidson 2010, p. 137.
- ^ Todman 2005, pp. 73–120.
- ^ Corrigan 2002, pp. 298–330, 406–410.
參考文獻
[编辑]- Boddy, M. G.; Brown, W. A.; Fry, E. V.; Hennigan, W.; Hoole, Ken; Manners, F.; Neve, E.; Platt, E. N. T.; Proud, P.; Yeadon, W. B. Locomotives of the L.N.E.R: Tender Engines – Classes B1 to B19. part 2B. Lincoln: Railway Correspondence & Travel Society. March 1975. ISBN 0-901115-73-8. OCLC 655688865.
- Boddy, M. G.; Fry, E. V.; Hennigan, W.; Proud, P.; Yeadon, W. B. Fry, E. V. , 编. Locomotives of the L.N.E.R: Preliminary Survey. part 1. Potters Bar: Railway Correspondence & Travel Society. July 1963. OCLC 505163991.
- Bond, Brian. The Unquiet Western Front. Cambridge University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0521809955.
- Bond, Brian; Cave, Nigel. Haig – A Reappraisal 70 Years On. Pen & Sword. 2009. ISBN 978-0850526981.
- Bullock, Arthur. Gloucestershire Between the Wars: A Memoir. The History Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7524-4793-3.
- Carlyon, Les. The Great War. Pan MacMillan. 2005. ISBN 978-1405037617.
- Charteris, Brigadier-General John. Field Marshal Earl Haig. Cassell. 1929. OCLC 1683342.
- Churchill, Winston. Great Contemporaries
. Butterworths. 1937. ISBN 978-1935191995. - Churchill, Winston. The World Crisis. Odhams. 1938. ISBN 978-0141442051.
- Cohen, Deborah. The War Come Home: Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany, 1914–1939. University of California Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0520220089.
- Corrigan, Gordon. Mud, Blood & Poppycock. Cassell. 2002. ISBN 978-0304366590.
- Davidson, Major General Sir J. Haig, Master of the Field. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 2010. ISBN 978-1848843622.
- De Groot, Gerard. Douglas Haig 1861–1928. London: Unwin Hyman. 1988. ISBN 978-0044401926.
- Duffy, C. Through German Eyes, The British and the Somme 1916. Phoenix Books. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7538-2202-9.
- French, David. Raising Churchill's Army. London: Oxford University Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0199246304.
- Gollin, Alfred. Proconsul in Politics: Lord Milner. Macmillan. 1964. OCLC 175027.
- Green, Andrew. Writing the Great War. London: Frank Cass. 2003. ISBN 978-0714684307.
- Haig, Countess. The Man I Knew. The Moray Press. 1936. OCLC 752595381.
- Haig, F–M Sir Douglas. Lt.-Col. J. H. Boraston , 编. Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches (December 1915 – April 1919). Dent. 1919. OCLC 479257.
- Hart, Peter. 1918: A Very British Victory. Phoenix Books. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7538-2689-8.
- Heathcote, Tony. The British Field Marshals 1736–1997. Barnsley (UK): Pen & Sword. 1999. ISBN 0-85052-696-5.
- Hoare, Philip. Noel Coward: a biography. Sinclair-Stevenson. 1995. ISBN 978-1856192651.
- Mead, Gary. The Good Soldier: The Biography of Douglas Haig. Atlantic Books. 2008. ISBN 978-1-84354-281-0.
- Mosley, Charles. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage 2 107. Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books). 2003. ISBN 978-0971196629.
- Laffin, John. British Butchers and Bunglers of World War One
. Stroud, Gloucs: Sutton. 1988. ISBN 978-0-7509-0179-6. - Liddell Hart, B.H. The Real War. Little, Brown, and Company. 1930 [28 February 2024]. ISBN 978-0-316-52505-3.
- Neillands, Robin. The Death of Glory: the Western Front 1915. London: John Murray. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7195-6245-7.
- Prior, Robin; Wilson, Trevor. Haig, Douglas, first Earl Haig (1861–1928) Oxford University Press, 2004; (online edn) January 2011. London: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. [19 January 2015].
- Reid, Walter. Architect of Victory: Douglas Haig. Birlinn. 2006. ISBN 978-1841585178.
- Rowlands, Murray. Aldershot in the Great War: The Home of the British Army. Pen & Sword Military. 2015. ISBN 978-1783832026.
- Russell, John. The Haigs of Bemersyde: A Family History. W. Blackwood & Sons. 1881.
- Secrett, Sergeant T. Twenty-Five Years with Earl Haig. Jarrods. 1929. OCLC 758825316.
- Sheffield, Gary. Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities. Headline Review. 2002. ISBN 978-0747264606.
- Sheffield, Gary; Bourne, John. Douglas Haig War Diaries and Letters 1914–18. Phoenix. 2005. ISBN 978-0297847021.
- Sheffield, Gary. The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army. London: Aurum. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84513-691-8.
- Sheffield, Gary (编). In Haig's Shadow: The Letters of Major General Hugo de Pree and Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig. Barnsley: Greenhill Books. 2019. ISBN 978-1-78438-353-4.
- Terraine, John. Douglas Haig: The Educated Soldier. Hutchinson. 1963. ISBN 978-0304353194.
- Terraine, John. The Road to Passchendaele: The Flanders Offensive of 1917: A Study in Inevitability. Leo Cooper. 1977. ISBN 978-0850522297.
- Terraine, J. The Smoke and the Fire, Myths and Anti-myths of War 1861–1945 Leo Cooper. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. 1992 [1980]. ISBN 0-85052-330-3.
- Todman, Dan. The Great War: Myth and Memory. Hambledon Continuum. 2005. ISBN 978-1852855123.
- Travers, Tim. How the War Was Won. Routledge. 1992. ISBN 978-1-84415-207-0.
- Winter, Denis. Haig's Command. Viking. 1991. ISBN 978-1844152049.
延伸閱讀
[编辑]非傳記類
[编辑]- Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. 160A, Fleet street, London, UK: Dean & Son. 1921: 431.
- Travers, Tim. The Killing Ground: The British Army, The Western Front and The Emergence of Modern War 1900–1918
. London: Allen & Unwin. 1987. ISBN 978-0-85052-964-7. - Dixon, Dr. Norman. On the Psychology of Military Incompetence. Pimlico Location=London. 1994. ISBN 978-0712658898.
- Keegan, John. The First World War. London: Pimlico. 1999. ISBN 978-0712666459.
- Holmes, Richard. Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front
. New York: HarperCollins. 2004. ISBN 978-0007137527. - Hochschild, Adam. To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914–1918. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2011. ISBN 978-0-618-75828-9.
- Ridley, Nicholas. Far from Suitable? Haig, Gough and Passchendaele: a Reappraisal. Helion. 2024. ISBN 978-1915113658.
傳記類
[编辑]- Arthur, Sir George. Lord Haig. William Heinemann. 1928. OCLC 1822378.
- Blake, Robert. The Private Papers of Douglas Haig, 1914-1919. Eyre & Spottiswoode. 1952. OCLC 459716638. Link
- Charteris, BG John. Field-Marshal Earl Haig. Cassell. 1929. OCLC 253054173. Link
- Cooper, Duff. Haig I. Faber and Faber. 1935. OCLC 31464017. Link
- Cooper, Duff. Haig II. Faber and Faber. 1936. OCLC 156535867. Link
- Harris, J. P. Douglas Haig and the First World War. London: Cambridge University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-89802-7.
- Marshall-Cornwall, James. Haig as Military Commander. London: Batsford. 1973. ISBN 978-0713412147.
- Sixsmith, E. K. G. Douglas Haig. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1976. ISBN 978-0297771494.
- Terraine, John. Douglas Haig. The Educated Soldier. London: Hutchinson. 1963. OCLC 753001138.
- Warner, Philip. Field Marshal Earl Haig. London: Bodley Head. 1991. ISBN 978-0304356454.
- Mead, Gary. The Good Soldier: The Biography of Douglas Haig. London: Atlantic Books. 2014. ISBN 978-1782392248.