帕斯尚爾戰役

帕斯尚爾戰役
第一次世界大战西方戰線的一部分
1917年10月29日澳軍士兵在木板路
日期 1917年7月31日-11月10日 （3个月1周又3天） 地点 比利時伊普爾突出部 50°54′1″N 3°1′16″E 结果 無定論
参战方
大英帝国 英國 加拿大 澳大利亞 新西兰 南非 印度 纽芬兰自治领 羅德西亞公司 法蘭西共和國 比利时	德意志帝國
指挥官与领导者
道格拉斯·黑格 休伯特·高夫 赫伯特·普盧默 弗朗索瓦·安托萬 路易·吕夸	埃里希·鲁登道夫 鲁普雷希特王儲 弗里德里希·西克斯特·馮·阿明
兵力
50個師 6個師	77-83個師
伤亡与损失
240,000–448,614 （有爭議）	217,000–400,000 （有爭議）

帕斯尚爾戰役（英語：Battle of Passchendaele），或稱第三次伊普爾戰役（德語：Dritte Flandernschlacht；法語：Troisième Bataille des Flandres），是第一次世界大战期間的關鍵戰役，交戰雙方分別為大英帝国、法兰西共和国的協約國聯軍與德意志帝國。這場戰役發生於1917年7月31日至11月10日，是協約國於1916年11月和1917年5月會議上擬定的戰略計劃中的一環，其目標為控制比利時西佛兰德省伊普爾南部與東部的山脊。主要目標帕斯尚爾位於伊普爾東部的最後一道山脊，距布魯日至科特赖克鐵道的交會點，同時是德國第四軍團的主要補給站鲁瑟拉勒僅八公里。一旦協約國佔領帕斯尚爾，其預計繼續推進至托尔豪特和库克拉勒一線。

英軍將帕斯尚爾戰役細分為數場戰鬥，包括7月31日發動的皮爾肯嶺戰役、8月16日爆發的朗格馬克戰役、9月20日爆發的梅嫩路嶺戰役、9月26日爆發的波利貢森林戰役，以及後續的布魯德塞恩德戰役、波爾卡佩勒戰役、第一次帕斯尚爾戰役，還有最終從10月26日持續到大規模作戰結束的第二次帕斯尚爾戰役。帕斯尚爾戰役中，協約國在多次攻勢中皆未能突破德軍西線防線，也未能摧毀比利時海岸附近的德軍潛艦基地。其雖佔領130平方公里的土地，但並未帶來任何重要的戰略優勢，反而付出慘痛的人員和物資損失。

帕斯尚爾戰役在當時乃至現代都極具爭議。英國首相勞合·喬治反對這場攻勢，法國陸軍總參謀長費迪南·福煦亦然，而英軍遠征軍司令道格拉斯·黑格元帥直到7月25日才得到戰時內閣批准行動。自1917年以來，參戰者、作家與歷史學家爭論的議題包括，是否應在尼維爾攻勢後仍應採取進攻策略，而不是等待美國遠征軍抵達法國；在佛兰德發動攻勢是否正確，當地氣候的影響；選定休伯特·高夫將軍與第五軍團執行攻勢是否適當；梅西納戰役（6月7–14日）與首次盟軍攻擊（7月31日）之間的時間間隔。

參考文獻

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期刊

• Kerby, Martin; Baguley, Margaret. The Year in between: 1917, Passchendaele and the Queensland Press. Media, War & Conflict. 2021, 14 (1): 114−130. ISSN 1750-6352 –通过JSTOR. 
• McRandle, J. H.; Quirk, J. The Blood Test Revisited: A New Look at German Casualty Counts in World War I. The Journal of Military History (Lexington, VA). 3 July 2006, 70 (3): 667–701. ISSN 0899-3718. S2CID 159930725. doi:10.1353/jmh.2006.0180. 

新聞

• Duke of Cambridge leads Commemorations on 100th Anniversary of the Battle of Passchendaele. The Telegraph. [10 August 2019]. 
• Battle of Passchendaele Centenary: Prince Charles Honours 'Courage and Bravery' of British Soldiers. The Telegraph. [10 August 2019]. 

論文

• LoCicero, M. S. A Moonlight Massacre: The Night Operation on the Passchendaele Ridge, 2nd December 1917. etheses.bham.ac.uk (PhD论文) (Birmingham: University of Birmingham). 2011 [20 July 2017]. OCLC 784568126. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.545631. 
• Marble, S. The Infantry cannot do with a Gun Less: The Place of the Artillery in the BEF, 1914–1918. British Library e Theses Online Service (学位论文) (New York: Columbia University Press). 2003 [1998] [10 August 2019]. ISBN 978-0-231-50219-1. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.391793. （原始内容存档于24 February 2021）. 
• Simpson, A. The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18. British Library e Theses Online Service (学位论文) (London: London University). 2001 [16 January 2017]. OCLC 557496951. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.367588. 

網站

• New Zealand Memorial (Gravenstafel ridge). New Zealand First World War Trails. 20 June 2016 [10 August 2019]. 
• Tribute to Scots Soldiers at Passchendaele. The Scottish Government. 24 August 2007 [22 December 2014]. （原始内容存档于3 February 2013）.