LPWAN

LPWAN（Low-Power Wide-Area Network，低功率广域网路）也称为LPWA (Low-Power Wide-Area) ，或 LPN（Low-Power Network，低功率网路），是一种用在物联网（例如以电池为电源的感测器），可以用低位元率进行长距离通讯的无线网路^[1]^[2]。低电量需求、低位元率与使用时机可以用来区分LPWAN与无线广域网路（英语：Wireless WAN），无线广域网路是设计来连接企业或用户，可以传输更多资料但也更耗能。LPWAN每个频道的传输速率介于0.3 kbit/s 到 50 kbit/s之间^[3]。

LPWAN可以用来建立一个私有的无线感测网路，但也可以是一个第三方提供的服务或基础设施，这使感测器的拥有者可以直接部属感测器，而不必投资经费于闸道器的建设。

特点[编辑]

LPWAN的运作范围，从城市的数公里到乡村的超过十公里不等。也可以在以往不可行的室内以及地下位置进行通讯。

有关LPWAN设备的使用功率，设备商声称内建电池的电力可以使用数十年，不过这还没有在现实世界验证过^[4]。

平台和技术[编辑]

以下是一些LPWAN里的竞争标准以及供应商^[5]：

DASH7（英语：DASH7）是低延迟、双向的韧体标准，运作在许多的LPWAN广播技术中（包括LoRa）。
Wize（英语：Wize technology）是LPWAN的开放标准，不需授权费，源自欧盟标准Wireless Mbus^[6]。

啁啾展频（英语：Chirp spread spectrum）（CSS）基础的设备。

Sigfox是法国公司，其技术是以UNB为基础^[7]。

LoRa是LoRaWAN、Haystack Technologies及Symphony Link使用的私有啁啾展频技术^[8]^[9]。
MIoTy（英语：MIoTy），使用 telegram splitting 技术的协定。

Weightless（英语：Weightless (wireless communications)）是Ubiik使用的LPWAN开放标准。
ELTRES是Sony使用的LPWA技术，在移动速度100 km/h时，传输距离可超过100公里^[10]。
IEEE 802.11ah，也称为Wi-Fi HaLow，是低功率、大范围的802.11无线网路标准，其中使用了sub-gig频率^[11]。

Ultra-narrow band[编辑]

Ultra Narrowband（英语：Ultra Narrowband）（UNB），是以下公司使用的LPWAN技术：

Sigfox，法国的UNB技术公司^[12]。
Weightless，是Weightless SIG发展的一组通讯标准^[13]。
NB-Fi（英语：NB-Fi），是由WAVIoT公司开发的技术^[14]。

参考资料[编辑]

^ Beser, Nurettin Burcak. "Operating cable modems in a low power mode." U.S. Patent No. 7,389,528. 17 June 2008.
^ Schwartzman, Alejandro, and Chrisanto Leano. "Methods and apparatus for enabling and disabling cable modem receiver circuitry." U.S. Patent No. 7,587,746. 8 September 2009.
^ Ferran Adelantado, Xavier Vilajosana, Pere Tuset-Peiro, Borja Martinez, Joan Melià-Seguí and Thomas Watteyne. Understanding the Limits of LoRaWAN (January 2017) (PDF （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
^ Singh, Ritesh Kumar; Puluckul, Priyesh Pappinisseri; Berkvens, Rafael; Weyn, Maarten. Energy Consumption Analysis of LPWAN Technologies and Lifetime Estimation for IoT Application. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). 2020-08-25, 20 (17): 4794. Bibcode:2020Senso..20.4794S. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 7506725 . PMID 32854350. doi:10.3390/s20174794 .
^ Sanchez-Iborra, Ramon; Cano, Maria-Dolores. State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services. Sensors. 2016, 16 (5): 708. Bibcode:2016Senso..16..708S. PMC 4883399 . PMID 27196909. doi:10.3390/s16050708 .
^ Sheldon, John. French IoT Satellite Company Kinéis Announces Strategic Partnerships With Objenious And Wize Alliance. SpaceWatch.Global. 2019-06-25 [2019-08-02] （美国英语）.
^ SIGFOX Technology. [2016-02-01].
^ What is LoRaWAN?. Link Labs. [2023-01-09] （美国英语）.
^ Jesus Sanchez-Gomez; Ramon Sanchez-Iborra. Experimental comparison of LoRa and FSK as IoT-communication-enabling modulations. IEEE Global Communications Conference (Globecom'17). 2017. S2CID 44010035. doi:10.1109/GLOCOM.2017.8254530.
^ ELTRES Technology. Sony Semiconductor Solutions Group. [2022-08-10] （英语）.
^ IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 2: Sub 1 GHZ License Exempt Operation. ISBN 978-1-5044-3911-4. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.7920364.
^ SIGFOX Technology. [2016-02-01].
^ Weightless-N – Weightless. www.weightless.org. [2016-02-01].
^ What is NB-Fi Protocol – WAVIoT LPWAN. WAVIoT LPWAN. [2018-05-18] （美国英语）.

外部链接[编辑]

RPMA: Random Phase Multiple Access by Ingenu, https://www.ingenu.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） San Diego, US

[1] Beser, Nurettin Burcak. "Operating cable modems in a low power mode." U.S. Patent No. 7,389,528. 17 June 2008.

[2] Schwartzman, Alejandro, and Chrisanto Leano. "Methods and apparatus for enabling and disabling cable modem receiver circuitry." U.S. Patent No. 7,587,746. 8 September 2009.

[3] Ferran Adelantado, Xavier Vilajosana, Pere Tuset-Peiro, Borja Martinez, Joan Melià-Seguí and Thomas Watteyne. Understanding the Limits of LoRaWAN (January 2017) (PDF （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)

[4] Singh, Ritesh Kumar; Puluckul, Priyesh Pappinisseri; Berkvens, Rafael; Weyn, Maarten. Energy Consumption Analysis of LPWAN Technologies and Lifetime Estimation for IoT Application. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). 2020-08-25, 20 (17): 4794. Bibcode:2020Senso..20.4794S. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 7506725 . PMID 32854350. doi:10.3390/s20174794 .

[5] Sanchez-Iborra, Ramon; Cano, Maria-Dolores. State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services. Sensors. 2016, 16 (5): 708. Bibcode:2016Senso..16..708S. PMC 4883399 . PMID 27196909. doi:10.3390/s16050708 .

[6] Sheldon, John. French IoT Satellite Company Kinéis Announces Strategic Partnerships With Objenious And Wize Alliance. SpaceWatch.Global. 2019-06-25 [2019-08-02] （美国英语）.

[7] SIGFOX Technology. [2016-02-01].

[8] What is LoRaWAN?. Link Labs. [2023-01-09] （美国英语）.

[9] Jesus Sanchez-Gomez; Ramon Sanchez-Iborra. Experimental comparison of LoRa and FSK as IoT-communication-enabling modulations. IEEE Global Communications Conference (Globecom'17). 2017. S2CID 44010035. doi:10.1109/GLOCOM.2017.8254530.

[10] ELTRES Technology. Sony Semiconductor Solutions Group. [2022-08-10] （英语）.

[11] IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 2: Sub 1 GHZ License Exempt Operation. ISBN 978-1-5044-3911-4. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.7920364.

[12] SIGFOX Technology. [2016-02-01].

[13] Weightless-N – Weightless. www.weightless.org. [2016-02-01].

[14] What is NB-Fi Protocol – WAVIoT LPWAN. WAVIoT LPWAN. [2018-05-18] （美国英语）.

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