疣螈屬

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疣螈屬
紅瘰疣螈 Tylototriton shanjing
科學分類 編輯
界： 動物界 Animalia
門： 脊索動物門 Chordata
綱： 兩棲綱 Amphibia
目： 有尾目 Urodela
科： 蠑螈科 Salamandridae
亞科： 肋突螈亞科 Pleurodelinae
屬： 疣螈屬 Tylototriton
Andersson, 1871
模式種
棕黑疣螈
Tylototriton verrucosus
Anderson, 1871
異名
  • Liangshantriton Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2012
  • Qianotriton Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2012
  • Qiantriton Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2012
  • Tylotriton Anderson, 1871
  • Yaotriton Dubois & Raffaëlli, 2009

疣螈屬（學名：Tylototriton），是蠑螈科中的一個屬，也被稱之為鱷魚蠑螈（crocodile newts）、多節蠑螈（knobby newts）[1][2]。

大多數物種是近期被報道的。它們分布於印度東北部、尼泊爾至緬甸、泰國北部、老撾、越南和中國南方。

特徵[編輯]

疣螈屬物種皮膚粗糙，滿布瘰粒和疣粒，有的體側有12～16枚瘰粒或瘰疣連續隆起成縱行。頭部扁平而寬短，無唇褶，頭側骨質脊棱明顯，背正中脊棱明顯。舌卵圓，前後端粘連，兩側游離。指、趾無蹼，尾一般側扁較長。犁骨齒列呈「∧」形，前端會合；前頜骨2，鼻突短，不達額骨；鼻骨大，介於前頜骨和額骨之間，額鱗弧粗壯；上頜骨長，與方骨相觸，翼骨前端或以韌帶或直接與上頜骨連接。基舌軟骨前端有2對指狀突；角鰓骨2對，第二對軟骨質，上鰓骨僅1對，骨質細小。大部分卵單生，產於靜水中或塘邊陸地潮濕環境中。睾丸豆形，每側2～3葉。早期幼體眼後下方有平衡枝；3對羽狀外鰓發達；體尾肥實，尾背鰭起於體背前部。成體一般營陸棲生活。[3]

物種[編輯]

截止2022年6月14日，根據 Amphibian Species of the World 中的數據，本屬含有36種：[4]

  • 角疣螈 Tylototriton anguliceps Le, Nguyen, Nishikawa, Nguyen, Pham, Matsui, Bernardes & Nguyen, 2015
  • 安徽疣螈 Tylototriton anhuiensis Qian, Sun, Li, Guo, Pan, Kang, Wang, Jiang, Wu & Zhang, 2017[5]
  • 細痣疣螈 Tylototriton asperrimus Unterstein, 1930
  • 寬脊疣螈 Tylototriton broadoridgus Shen, Jiang & Mo, 2012
  • 大別疣螈 Tylototriton dabienicus Chen, Wang & Tao, 2010
  • 大婁山疣螈 Tylototriton daloushanensis Zhou, Xiao & Luo, 2022
  • 海南疣螈 Tylototriton hainanensis Fei, Ye & Yang, 1984
  • 喜山疣螈 Tylototriton himalayanus Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel & Jiang, 2015[6]
  • Tylototriton (Tylototriton) houi Dufresnes & Hernandez, 2022[7]
  • 片馬疣螈 Tylototriton joe Rao, Zeng, Zhu and Ma, 2022 [8]
  • 克欽疣螈 Tylototriton kachinorum Zaw, Lay, Pawangkhanant, Gorin & Poyarkov, 2019[9]
  • 貴州疣螈 Tylototriton kweichowensis Fang & Chang, 1932
  • 瀏陽疣螈 Tylototriton liuyangensis Yang, Jiang, Shen & Fei, 2014[10]
  • 莽山疣螈 Tylototriton lizhengchangi Hou, Zhang, Jiang, Li & Lu, 2012
  • 茂蘭疣螈 Tylototriton maolanensis Li, Wei, Cheng, Zhang, and Wang, 2020
  • 伊洛瓦底疣螈 Tylototriton ngarsuensis Grismer, Wood, Quah, Thura, Espinoza, Grismer, Murdoch & Lin,2018，恩加蘇疣螈
  • Tylototriton ngoclinhensis Phung, Pham, Nguyen, Ninh, Nguyen, Bernardes, Le, Ziegler & Nguyen, 2023[11]
  • 老撾疣螈 Tylototriton notialis Stuart, Phimmachak, Sivongxay & Robichaud, 2010[12]
  • 潘氏疣螈 Tylototriton panhai Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote & Matsui, 2013[13]
  • 邦瓦疣螈 Tylototriton panwaensis Grismer, Wood, Quah, Thura, Espinoza & Murdoch, 2019
  • 帕氏疣螈 Tylototriton pasmansi M. Bernardes, M. D. Le, T. Q. Nguyen, C. T. Pham, A. V. Pham, T.T. Nguyen & T. Ziegler[14]
    • Tylototriton pasmansi obsti M. Bernardes, M. D. Le, T. Q. Nguyen, C.T. Pham, A. V. Pham, T.T. Nguyen & T. Ziegler[14]
  • 普卡疣螈 Tylototriton phukhaensis Pomchote, Khonsue, Thammachoti, Hernandez, Suwannapoom et Nishikawa[15]
  • 琅勃拉邦疣螈 Tylototriton podichthys Phimmachak, Aowphol & Stuart, 2015[16]
  • Tylototriton primigenius Noble, 1928
  • 川南疣螈 Tylototriton pseudoverrucosus Hou, Gu, Zhang, Zeng & Lu, 2012
  • 麗色疣螈 Tylototriton pulcherrimus Hou, Zhang, Li & Lu, 2021
  • 紅瘰疣螈 Tylototriton shanjing Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang, 1995 — 曾被視為黑棕疣螈[17]
  • 緬甸疣螈 Tylototriton shanorum Nishikawa, Matsui & Rao, 2014[18]
  • 辛氏疣螈 Tylototriton sini Lyu, Wang, Zeng, Zhou, Qi, Wan & Wang[19]
  • 斯氏疣螈 Tylototriton sparreboomi Bernardes, Le, Nguyen, Pham, Pham, Nguyen & Ziegler, 2020[14]
  • 大涼疣螈 Tylototriton taliangensis Liu, 1950
  • 泰疣螈 Tylototriton thaiorum Poyarkov, Nguyen & Arkhipov, 2021
  • 桐梓疣螈 Tylototriton tongziensis Li, Liu, Shi, Wei & Wang, 2022
  • 翁龐疣螈 Tylototriton umphangensis Pomchote, Peerachidacho, Hernandez, Sapewisut, Khonsue, Thammachoti & Nishikawa, 2021[20]
  • 清邁疣螈 Tylototriton uyenoi Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote & Matsui, 2013[13]
  • 黑棕疣螈 Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson, 1871，棕黑疣螈[21][22][23]
  • 越南疣螈 Tylototriton vietnamensis Böhme, Schöttler, Nguyen & Köhler, 2005[24]
  • 文縣疣螈 Tylototriton wenxianensis Fei, Ye & Yang, 1984
  • 滇南疣螈 Tylototriton yangi Hou, Zhang, Zhou, Li & Lu, 2012
  • Tylototriton zaimeng Decemson, Lalremsanga, Elangbam, Vabeiryureilai, Shinde, Purkayastha, Arkhipov, Bragin & Poyarkov, 2023[25]
  • 蔡氏疣螈 Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa, Matsui & Nguyen, 2013[2]

保育狀況[編輯]

本屬所有種均被列為《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》附錄二的物種，被限制出口及貿易。

參考[編輯]

  1. ^ Max Sparreboom. Tylototriton Anderson, 1871. Salamanders of the Old World. 2013 [14 April 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-06）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Nishikawa, Kanto; Masafumi Matsui, and Tao Thien Nguyen. A new species of Tylototriton from northern Vietnam (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae). Current Herpetology. 2013, 32: 34–49. doi:10.5358/hsj.32.34. 
  3. ^ 費梁，胡淑琴，葉昌媛，黃永昭等 (編). 中国动物志·两栖纲（上卷）·总论 蚓螈目 有尾目 第一版. 北京: 科學出版社. 2005: 256. ISBN 7-03-016147-5. 
  4. ^ Frost, Darrel R. 2021. Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.1 (2022-06-14). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Caudata/Salamandridae/Pleurodelinae/Tylototriton （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
  5. ^ Lifu Qian, Xiaonan Sun, Jiaqi Li, Weibo Guo, Tao Pan, Xing Kang, Hui Wang, Jianping Jiang, Jun Wu and Baowei Zhang. 2017. A New Species of the Genus Tylototriton (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from the Southern Dabie Mountains in Anhui Province. Asian Herpetological Research. 8(3); 151-164. ahr-journal.com/en/oa/DArticle.aspx?type=view&id=20170301 ahr-journal.com/Upload/PaperUpLoad/42205d91-544a-408f-ad4c-bdd8ec2a197a.pdf
  6. ^ Janak Raj Khatiwada, Bin Wang, Subarna Ghimire, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Shanta Paudel and Jianping Jiang. 2015. A New Species of the Genus Tylototriton (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from Eastern Himalaya. Asian Herpetological Research. 6(4); 245-256.
  7. ^ Christophe Dufresnes and Axel Hernandez. 2023. Towards Completing the Crocodile Newts』 Puzzle with All-inclusive Phylogeographic Resources. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, zlac038. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac038
  8. ^ Rao, D.-q. 2022 "2020". Atlas of Wildlife in Southwest China: Amphibian [in Chinese]. Zhu, J.-G., and D.-q. Rao eds., Atlas of Wildlife in Southwest China: Amphibian: 1–448 (printed in 2020 but not distributed until 2022). Beijing, Beijing Publishing Group.(中國西南野生動物圖譜 兩棲動物卷 朱建國 饒定齊. 北京出版集團，北京出版社.)
  9. ^ Than Zaw, Paw Lay, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Vladislav A. Gorin and Nikolay A. Poyarkov, Jr. 2019. A New Species of Crocodile Newt, Genus Tylototriton (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae) from the Mountains of Kachin State, northern Myanmar. Zoological Research. 40(3); 151-174. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.043
  10. ^ YANG Daode, JIANG Jianping, SHEN Youhui and FEI Dongbo. 2014. A New Species of the Genus Tylototriton (Urodela: Salamandridae) from Northeastern Hunan Province, China. ASIAN HERPETOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 5(1):1-11. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1245.2014.00001
  11. ^ Trung My Phung, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen, Hoa Thi Ninh, Huy Quoc Nguyen, Marta Bernardes, Son Thanh Le, Thomas Ziegler and Tao Thien Nguyen. 2023. Southbound – the Southernmost Record of Tylototriton (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam represents A New Species. ZooKeys. 1168: 193-218. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1168.96091
  12. ^ Stuart, B.L., Phimmachak, S., Sivongxay, N. & Robichaud, W.G., 2010. A New Species in the Tylototriton asperrimus Group (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Central Laos. Zootaxa, 2650: 19-32.
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Nishikawa, Kanto, Wichase Khonsue, Porrawee Pomchote and Masafumi Matsui. 2013. Two New Species of Tylototriton from Thailand (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae). Zootaxa. 3737(3): 261-279. http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3737.3.5 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Marta Bernardes, Minh Duc Le, Truong Quang Nguyen, Cuong The Pham, Anh Van Pham, Tao Thien Nguyen, Dennis Rödder, Michael Bonkowski and Thomas Ziegler. 2020. Integrative Taxonomy reveals Three New Taxa within the Tylototriton asperrimus Complex (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Vietnam. ZooKeys. 935: 121-164. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.935.37138
  15. ^ Porrawee Pomchote, Wichase Khonsue, Panupong Thammachoti, Axel Hernandez, Parada Peerachidacho, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Yasuho Onishi and Kanto Nishikawa. 2020. A New Species of Tylototriton (Urodela: Salamandridae) from Nan Province, Northern Thailand. Tropical Natural History. 20(2); 144-161. tci-thaijo.org/index.php/TNH/article/view/240064
  16. ^ Somphouthone Phimmachak, Bryan L. Stuart and Anchalee Aowphol. 2015. Ecology and Natural History of the Knobby Newt Tylototriton podichthys (Caudata: Salamandridae) in Laos. RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY. 63: 389–400
  17. ^ Frost, Darrel R. Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson, 1871. Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. 2013 [14 April 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-01）. 
  18. ^ Kanto Nishikawa, Masafumi Matsui and Dingqi Rao. 2014. A New Species of Tylototriton (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from Central Myanmar. The Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society. 60(1):9-22.
  19. ^ Zhi-Tong Lyu, Jian Wang, Zhao-Chi Zeng, Jia-Jun Zhou, Shuo Qi, Han Wan, You-Yu Li and Ying-Yong Wang. 2021. A New Species of the Genus Tylototriton (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Guangdong, southern China, with Discussion on the Subgenera and Species Groups within the Genus. Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 697-710. DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e73563
  20. ^ Axel Hernandez, Daniel Escoriza, Porrawee Pomchote and Mian Hou. 2019. New localities for Tylototriton uyenoi, T. panhai and T. anguliceps in Thailand with remarks on the southernmost distribution of the genus. The Herpetological Bulletin. 147: 15–18. DOI: 10.33256/hb147.1518
  21. ^ Wichase Khonsue, Thosapol Chaiananporn and Porrawee Pomchote. 2010. Skeletochronological Assessment of Age in the Himalayan Crocodile Newt, Tylototriton verrucosus (Anderson, 1871) from Thailand. Tropical Natural History. 10(2): 181-188.
  22. ^ Pomchote, P., Pariyanonth, P. & Khonsue, W. 2008. Two Distinctive Color Patterns of the Himalayan Newt Tylototriton verrucosus (Urodela: Salamandridae) Found in Thailand and Its Implication on Geographic Segregation. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University. 8, 35–43.
  23. ^ Mingwang Zhang, Guohua Yu, Dingqi Rao, Yimei Huang, Junxing Yang and Yan Li, 2013. A Species Boundary Within the Tylototriton verrucosus Group (Urodela: Salamandroidae) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Evidence. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 12: 337-343.
  24. ^ Böhme, W., Schöttler, T., Nguyen, T.Q. & Köhler, J. 2005. A new species of salamander, genus Tylototriton (Urodela: Salamandridae), from northern Vietnam. Salamandra. 41, 215–220.
  25. ^ Ht. Decemson, Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga, Premjit Singh Elangbam, Mathipi Vabeiryureilai, Parag Shinde, Jayaditya Purkayastha, Dmitriy V. Arkhipov, Andrey M. Bragin, Nikolay A. Poyarkov. 2023. A New cryptic Species of Tylototriton (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae) from mysterious mountain lakes in Manipur, north-eastern India. Herpetozoa. 36: 203-224. DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.36.e106614

外部連結[編輯]

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：疣螈屬
分類單元識別碼
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