桃金孃科

桃金娘科; 化石時期：22–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 中新世早期至現在
	香桃木（Myrtus communis）的花葉
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
演化支：	薔薇類植物 Rosids
目：	桃金娘目 Myrtales
科：	桃金娘科 Myrtaceae; Juss.
模式屬
	香桃木屬; Myrtus; L., 1753
亞科、族與屬
	約130個屬，詳見內文
異名
	Baeckeaceae; Chamelauciaceae; Eugeniaceae; Heteropyxidaceae; Kaniaceae; Leptospermaceae; Melaleucaceae; Myrrhiniaceae; Psiloxylaceae;

桃金孃科（學名：Myrtaceae）是桃金娘目之下的一個真雙子葉植物的科。主要產於澳洲和美洲的熱帶和亞熱帶地區，有100屬約3000種，包括有香桃木屬、丁子香及桉樹等植物。當中在中國大陸原產有8屬，引種了5屬，共有136種。臺灣有9屬30種。

常綠灌木或喬木，有透明的油腺斑點，產生的油脂可用來製作精油；葉子對生或互生，單葉，多全緣，沒有托葉；花兩性，輻射對稱，萼片和花瓣常各4－5枚，雖然花朵纖細，但植株卻能長的高大，而它們共同的特徵是雄蕊多如睫毛、分離或成數束，花絲細長柔，子房常下位，一至多室，有少數至多數胚珠；果實多為漿果或蒴果。

桃金孃科植物生命力頑強，台灣、廣東、廣西以及印度的氣候適合其生長。其精油具有抗病毒、殺菌、改善呼吸系統、消炎的功效，對關結炎、風濕痛、咳嗽和傷寒具有特殊的療效。本科植物重要的有桃金娘、番石榴、桉樹、蓮霧、蒲桃、白千層屬等。

分類學[編輯]

過往本科物種二分為細籽亞科（Leptospermoideae）及桃金娘亞科（Myrtoideae）兩個亞科，但這種分類受到質疑，包括Johnson and Briggs (1984)，他們把桃金孃科物種分成14個族或支序，並發現這個科為多系群^[2]。截至2008年，多組學者為本科物種進行分子生物學研究，從其物種的演化史推翻了上述的二分法分類。

近期的分類法把本科物種分為裸木亞科（Psiloxyloideae）及桃金娘亞科（Myrtoideae）兩個亞科，然後再細分為17個族^[3]。不過由於每年都由被劃歸本科的新物種的發現，這些新發現都可能會對現時的分類造成衝擊。

現時分類[編輯]

根據Wilson (2011)^[4]，本科物種可作如下分類：

裸木亞科 Psiloxyloideae

桃金娘亞科 Myrtoideae

tribe Xanthostemoneae（英語：Xanthostemoneae）
tribe Lophostemoneae（英語：Lophostemoneae）
tribe Osbornieae（英語：Osbornieae）
tribe Melaleuceae（英語：Melaleuceae）
tribe Kanieae（英語：Kanieae）
tribe Backhousieae（英語：Backhousieae）
tribe Metrosidereae（英語：Metrosidereae）
tribe Tristanieae（英語：Tristanieae）
tribe Syzygieae
tribe Myrteae（英語：Myrteae）
tribe Eucalypteae（英語：Eucalypteae）
tribe Syncarpieae（英語：Syncarpieae）
tribe Lindsayomyrteae（英語：Lindsayomyrteae）
tribe Leptospermeae（英語：Leptospermeae）
tribe Chamelaucieae（英語：Chamelaucieae）

屬[編輯]

本科包括以下屬：

野鳳榴屬 Acca O.Berg
Accara Landrum
Acialyptus Jacks., 1893
Actinodium Schauer
Actinodium Schauer ex Schltdl.
Adhunia Vell.
Agonis (DC.) Sweet
Agonis Lindl.
Aldwickia M.E.J.Chandler, 1961
Algrizea Proença & NicLugh.
Allosyncarpia S.T.Blake
Aluta Rye & Trudgen
Amomyrtella Kausel
Amomyrtus (Burret) D.Legrand & Kausel
Angophora Cav.
Anticoryne Turcz.
Archirhodomyrtus (Nied.) Burret
Arillastrum Pancher ex Baill.
Arillastrum Pancher ex Brongn. & Gris
Astartea DC.
Asteromyrtus Schauer
Astus Trudgen & Rye
Austrobaeckea Rye
Austromyrtus (Nied.) Burret
Babingtonia Lindl.
Backhousea Kuntze, 1903
Backhousia Hook. & Harv.
Baechea Colla, 1824
Baecka Cothen., 1790
崗松屬 Baeckea L.
Baeckia Andrews, 1810
Balaustion Hook.
Barongia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
Basisperma C.T.White
Beaufortia R.Brown ex W.T.Aiton, 1812
Beckea J.St.-Hil., 1806
Billiotia Endl., 1837
Billiotia Rchb., 1841
Billiottia Endl., 1840
Billotia Colla, 1824
Billottia R.Br.
Blepharocalyx O.Berg
瓶刷子樹屬 Callistemon R.Br.
Callistemonites M.B.Bande, R.C.Mehrotra & U.Prakash, 1986
Callistemonoxylon M.B.Bande, R.C.Mehrotra & U.Prakash, 1986
Callistemophyllum Ettingshausen, 1853
Calostemon T.Post & Kuntze, 1903
Calycolpus O.Berg
Calycorectes O.Berg
Calypthrantes Raeusch., 1797
Calyptranthes Sw.
Calyptranthus Juss., 1806
Calyptrogenia Burret
Calytrix Labill.
Cambea Endl., 1840
Campomanesia Ruiz & Pav.
Celoporthe
Cerquieria Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
Chamaelaucium DC., 1828
Chamelaucium Desf.
Chamguava Landrum
Cheyniana Rye
Ciposia Silveira, 1918
Cloezia Brongn. & Gris
傘房桉屬 Corymbia K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson
Cumbea Wight & Arn., 1834
Curitiba Salywon & Landrum
Cyathostemon Turcz.
Darwinia Rudge
Darwynia Rchb., 1841
子楝樹屬 Decaspermum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Diplachna Kuntze & T.Post, 1903
Draparnalda St.-Lag.
Draparnandia Montrouzier, 1860
Enekbatus Trudgen & Rye
Ericomyrtus Turcz.
Eucalyptophyllum Fontaine, 1889
Eucalyptopsis C.T.White
桉屬 Eucalyptus L'Hér.
番櫻桃屬 Eugenia L.
Eugeniaites Loubiere, 1933
Euryomyrtus Schauer
Faetidia Comm. ex Juss., 1789
Feijoa O.Berg
Glaphiria Spach, 1835
Glayphyria G.Don, 1832
Gomidezia Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
Gossia N.Snow & Guymer
Guaiava Tourn. ex Adans., 1763
Harmogia Schauer
Heteropyxis Harv.
Homalocalyx F.Muell.
Homalospermum Schauer
Homoranthus A.Cunn. ex Schauer
Hypestes Kuntze, 1903
Hypocalimna Turcz., 1862
Hypocalymma (Endl.) Endl.
Hypocalymna Endl., 1843
Hypocalymna Meisn., 1843
Hysterobaeckea (Nied.) Rye
Jambus Noronha, 1790
Kanakomyrtus N.Snow
Kania Schltr.
Kardomia Peter G.Wilson
Kjellbergiodendron Burret
Kunzea Rchb.
Lazarocardenasoxylon E.Estrada-Ruiz & H.Martínez-Cabrera, 2021
Leantria Sol. ex G.Forst.
Leciscium C.F.Gaertn., 1807
Legrandia Kausel
Lencymmoea C.Presl
Lencymmoea K.B.Presl, 1851
Lenwebbia N.Snow & Guymer
Leptospermatoxylon B.S.Trivedi & C.L.Verma, 1973
Leptospermites Schmalhausen, 1883
Leptospermocarpum P.Menzel, 1914
薄子木屬 Leptospermum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Lhotzkya Endl., 1837
Lindsayomyrtus B.Hyland & Steenis
Lithomyrtus F.Muell.
Lophomyrtus Burret
紅膠木屬 Lophostemon Schott
龍袍木屬 Luma A.Gray
Lysicarpus F.Muell.
Malaloleuca Gand., 1918
Malleostemon J.W.Green
Mariomella Faúndez & Rider, 2019
Marliera D.Dietr.
Marlierea Cambess.
Marlierea Cambess. ex A.St.-Hil., 1833
Marlieria Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
千層樹屬 Melaleuca L.
Mennichea Steud., 1841
Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn.
Micromyrtus Benth.
Mitrantia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
Mosiera Small
Myrceugeina
Myrceugenellites M.Nishida, H.Nishida & T.Nasa, 1988
Myrceugenia O.Berg
Myrcia DC. ex Guill.
Myrcia Sol. ex Lindl., 1821
忍冬番櫻屬 Myrcianthes
O.Berg
- Anamomis umbellifera Britton
- Myrcianthes alaternifolia (Benth.) Grifo ex B.Holst & M.L.Kawas.
- Myrcianthes alaternifolia Grifo
- Myrcianthes borealis Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes borealis McVaugh
- Myrcianthes bradeanus Mattos & D.Legrand
- Myrcianthes callicoma Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes callicoma McVaugh
- Myrcianthes cavalcantei Mattos
- Myrcianthes cisplatensis (Cambess.) O.Berg
- Myrcianthes coquimbensis (Barnéoud) Landrum & Grifo
- Myrcianthes crebrifolia (Steyerm.) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes cymosa (O.Berg) Mattos
- Myrcianthes discolor (Kunth) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes esnardiana (Urb. & Ekman) Alain
- Myrcianthes ferreyrae (Mc Vaugh) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes ferreyrae (McVaugh) McVaugh
- Myrcianthes fimbriata (Kunth) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes gigantea (D.Legrand) D.Legrand
- Myrcianthes hallii (O.Berg) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes indifferens (Mc Vaugh) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes indifferens (McVaugh) McVaugh
- Myrcianthes karsteniana (O.Berg) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes lanosa Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes lanosa McVaugh
- Myrcianthes leucoxyla (Ortega) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes lindleyana (Kunth) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes mato (Griseb.) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes minimifolia (Mc Vaugh) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes minimifolia (McVaugh) McVaugh
- Myrcianthes monteucalyptoides Proença & L.V.S.Jenn.
- Myrcianthes myrsinoides (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) Grifo
- Myrcianthes oreophila (Diels) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes orthostemon (O.Berg) Grifo
- Myrcianthes osteomeloides (Rusby) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes pedersenii D.Legrand
- Myrcianthes prodigiosa Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes prodigiosa McVaugh
- Myrcianthes prodigosa McVaugh, 1963
- Myrcianthes pseudomato (D.Legrand) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes puberula (O.Berg) Mattos, 2009
- Myrcianthes pungens (O.Berg) D.Legrand
- Myrcianthes quinqueloba (Mc Vaugh) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes quinqueloba (McVaugh) McVaugh
- Myrcianthes rhopaloides (Kunth) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes riparia Sobral, Grippa & T.B.Guim.
- Myrcianthes roncesvallensis Parra-Os. & Bohórq.-Os.^[5]
- Myrcianthes rubra B.Holst & M.L.Kawas.
- Myrcianthes sanctae-martae Parra-Os.
- Myrcianthes sessilis Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes sessilis McVaugh
- Myrcianthes storkii (Standl.) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes ternofolia (O.Berg) McVaugh, 1963
Myrciaria O.Berg
Myrciophyllum H.Engelhardt, 1891
Myrrhinium Schott
Myrtaciphyllum D.C.Christophel & S.D.Lys, 1987
Myrtastrum Burret
Myrtella F.Muell.
Myrteola O.Berg
Myrtifolium F.Unger, 1864
Myrtiphyllum P.Dusén, 1899
Myrtoidoxylon H.Gottwald, 1966
Myrtoleucodendron Burm.
Myrtomiophyton Massalongo, 1858
Myrtonium Ettingshausen, 1886
Myrtophyllum Heer, 1869
Myrtospermum M.E.J.Chandler, 1957
Myrtoxylon Boureau, 1953
香桃木屬 Myrtus L.
Nelitris Spreng., 1825
Neofabricia Joy Thomps.
Neomitranthes D.Legrand
Neomitranthes P.R.Reitz, 1977
Neomyrtus Burret
Nothomyrcia Kausel
Ochrosperma Trudgen
Octamyrtus Diels
Olythia Steud., 1841
Opa
Osbornia F.Muell.
Oxymyrrhine Schauer
Palaeorhodomyrtus E.M.Reid & M.E.J.Chandler, 1933
Paleomyrtinaea K.B.Pigg, R.A.Stockey & S.L.Maxwell, 1993
Paramyrtaciphyllum I.A.Ozerov, 2000
Paryphanthe Benth., 1866
Pericalymma (Engl.) Endl.
Pileanthus Labill.
Pilidiostigma Burret
多香果屬 Pimenta Lindl.
Pirigarda C.B.Clarke, 1879
Pleurocalyptus Brongn. & Gris
樹葡萄屬 Plinia Plum. ex L.
Pontoppidana Steud., 1841
Pseudanamomis Kausel
Pseudolaryngodus
番石榴屬 Psidium L.
Psiloxylon Thouars ex Tul.
Purpureostemon Gugerli
Raoanthus S.D.Chitaley & M.Z.Patel, 1975
玫瑰木屬 Rhodamnia Jack
桃金娘屬 Rhodomyrtus (DC.) Rchb.
Rinzia Schauer
Ristantia Paul G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh.
Rugenia Neck., 1790
Sannantha Peter G.Wilson
Scholtzia Schauer
Seorsus Rye & Trudgen
Sincarpia Ten.
Siphoneugena O.Berg
Siphoneugenia
Sizygium Duch.
Sphaerantia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
Stenospermum Sweet, 1830
Stenostegia A.R.Bean
Stereocaryum Burret
Stockwellia D.J.Carr, S.G.M.Carr & B.Hyland
Suarda Nocca ex Steud., 1841
Syncarpia Nied.
Syncarpia Ten.
Syncarpites J.Schmalhausen, 1883
Syzigium Steud., 1841
Syzygeum Wight
Syzygioxylon K.Kramer, 1974
Syzygioxylon S.R.Ingle, 1973
蒲桃屬 Syzygium Gaertn.
Taxandria (Benth.) J.R.Wheeler & N.G.Marchant
Temu O.Berg
Tepualia Griseb.
Tetrapora S.Schauer
Thaleropia Peter G.Wilson
Thryptomene Endl.
Triplarina Raf.
紅膠木屬 Tristania R.Brown ex W.T.Aiton, 1812
Tristaniandra P.G.Wilson & J.F.Basinger, 2007
Tristaniopsis Brongn. & Gris
Tristanites G.Saporta, 1865
Tryptomene F.Muell., 1859
Ugni Turcz.
Uromyrtus Burret
羽蠟花屬 Verticordia DC.
Welchiodendron Paul G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh.
Whiteodendron Steenis
Xanthomyrtus Diels
金纓木屬 Xanthostemon F.Muell.
Zyzygium Brongn., 1843
×Kunzspermum W.Harris

蟲害[編輯]

桃金娘科植物是許多無刺蜜蜂的食物，尤其是從這種植物科採集花粉的雙色蜜環蜂（英語：Melipona bicolor）^[6]。

參考文獻[編輯]

^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009-10, 161 (2): 105–121 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-23）（英語）.
^ Johnson, L. A. S.; Briggs, B. G. Myrtales and Myrtaceae-A Phylogenetic Analysis. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1984, 71 (3): 700 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.2307/2399159. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-26）.
^ Wilson, P. G.; O』Brien, M. M.; Heslewood, M. M.; Quinn, C. J. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution（英語：Plant Systematics and Evolution）. 2005-03, 251 (1): 3–19. ISSN 0378-2697. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0162-y （英語）.
^ Wilson, Peter G. Myrtaceae. Kubitzki, Klaus (編). Flowering Plants. Eudicots. X. Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2014. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39417-1 （英語）.
^ Landauro, Caroll Z., Antonio Garcia-Bravo & Pablo J. Venegas. 2015. An Endemic New Species of Ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) from An isolated Dry Forest in southern Peru. Zootaxa.3946(3): 387–400. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.3.6
^ Hilario, S.D.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. Pollen foraging in colonies of Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini): effects of season, colony size and queen number (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Research. 2009, 8 (2): 664–671 [2021-09-26]. PMID 19554765. doi:10.4238/vol8-2kerr029. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-02-02）.

外部連結[編輯]

維基物種上的相關資訊：桃金孃科

[APGIII2009-1] THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009-10, 161 (2): 105–121 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-23）（英語）.

[:1-2] Johnson, L. A. S.; Briggs, B. G. Myrtales and Myrtaceae-A Phylogenetic Analysis. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1984, 71 (3): 700 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.2307/2399159. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-26）.

[3] Wilson, P. G.; O』Brien, M. M.; Heslewood, M. M.; Quinn, C. J. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution（英語：Plant Systematics and Evolution）. 2005-03, 251 (1): 3–19. ISSN 0378-2697. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0162-y （英語）.

[4] Wilson, Peter G. Myrtaceae. Kubitzki, Klaus (編). Flowering Plants. Eudicots. X. Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2014. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39417-1 （英語）.

[5] Landauro, Caroll Z., Antonio Garcia-Bravo & Pablo J. Venegas. 2015. An Endemic New Species of Ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) from An isolated Dry Forest in southern Peru. Zootaxa.3946(3): 387–400. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.3.6

[6] Hilario, S.D.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. Pollen foraging in colonies of Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini): effects of season, colony size and queen number (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Research. 2009, 8 (2): 664–671 [2021-09-26]. PMID 19554765. doi:10.4238/vol8-2kerr029. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-02-02）.

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