失蹤白人女性綜合症
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失蹤白人女性綜合症是社會科學家[1][2][3]和媒體評論員使用的一個術語，指媒體（尤其是電視媒體）[4]更傾向於對涉及年輕、有魅力、白人、中上階層女性或女孩的失蹤案件進行報道，而相較而言，非白人、較低社會階層的女性以及男性或男孩的失蹤案件則相對缺乏關注[5][6]。該詞雖然產生於人口失蹤案件的背景之下，但有時也用於報道其他暴力犯罪。這一現象在美國、加拿大、英國、澳大利亞、新西蘭等其他以白人為主的國家以及南非都較為突出[7][8]。
廣泛認為新聞主播格溫·伊菲爾是失蹤白人女性綜合症這一短語的發明人[6]。查爾頓·麥基爾韋恩將失蹤白人女性綜合症定義為「白人女性作為暴力犯罪受害者在新聞媒體報道中扮演特權角色」，並將該綜合症假定為美國文化意象中的一種種族階層[9]。愛德華多·博尼利亞-席爾瓦將失蹤白人女性綜合症中的種族構成歸類為「種族語法的一種形式，白人優越主義通過這種形式被內隱的，甚至無形的標準正常化」[1]。
這一現象導致了一系列嚴厲打擊犯罪措施的採取，主要針對人群為政治右派，這些措施以那些失蹤後又被發現受到傷害的白人女性命名[10][11]。除了種族和階級之外，在確定失蹤女性新聞的報道價值時，所謂的吸引力、體型和年輕程度等因素也被認為是不公平的標準[12]。對失蹤黑人女性的新聞報道更傾向於關注受害者的問題，如虐待男友、犯罪史或吸毒等要素，而對白人女性的報道往往側重於她們作為母親、女兒、學生和社區貢獻者的角色[13]。
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Sommers, Zach. Missing White Woman Syndrome: An Empirical Analysis of Race and Gender Disparities in Online News Coverage of Missing Persons. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. Spring 2016, 106 (2): 275–314 [2017-05-16]. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-02）.
- ^ Liebler, Carol M. Me(di)a Culpa?: The "missing White Woman Syndrome" and Media Self-Critique. Communication, Culture & Critique (International Communication Association). 2010, 3 (4): 549–565. ISSN 1753-9129. doi:10.1111/j.1753-9137.2010.01085.x.
- ^ Lundman, R.J. The Newsworthiness and Selection Bias in News About Murder: Comparative and Relative Effects of Novelty and Race and Gender Typifications on Newspaper Coverage of Homicide. Sociological Forum. 2003, 18 (3): 357–386. S2CID 141625288. doi:10.1023/A:1025713518156.
- ^ Foreman, Tom. Diagnosing 'Missing White Woman Syndrome'. CNN. 2006-03-14 [2023-11-10]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-22）.
There is no polite way to say it, and it is a fact of television news. Media and social critics call the wall-to-wall coverage that seems to swirl around these events, 'Missing White Woman Syndrome'. That was the phrase invoked by Sheri Parks, a professor of American studies at the University of Maryland, College Park, during our interview yesterday.
- ^ Robinson, Eugene. (White) Women We Love. The Washington Post. 2005-06-10. （原始內容
存檔於2008-05-17）.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Cory L. Armstrong. Media Disparity: A Gender Battleground. Lexington Books. 2013: 21. ISBN 978-0-7391-8188-1.
- ^ Oscar Pistorius: The Verdict. SABC. 2014-09-12 [2014-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-22）.
- ^ Mau, Alison. We've all had the chance to mourn Grace Millane, but the court denies this other slain woman that humanity. Stuff.co.nz. 2018-12-16 [2023-11-10]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-16）.
- ^ Cleveland abductions: Do white victims get more attention?. BBC News. 2013-05-09 [2015-07-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-22）.
Charlton McIlwain, professor New York University: White women occupy a privileged role as violent crime victims in news media reporting.
- ^ Stein, Sarah Land. The Cultural Complex of Innocence : an Examination of Media and Social Construction of Missing White Woman Syndrome (學位論文). University of Southern Mississippi. 2012 [2023-11-11]. ProQuest 1113331344. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-22）.
- ^ Essig, Laurie. Racial Politics in the US and the Figure of the White Lady. One way to understand the senseless killings of Black men is through the 'lady'. Psychology Today. 2014 [2017-10-09].
- ^ Moody, M.; Dorries, B.; Blackwell, H. The Invisible Damsel: Differences in How National Media Outlets Framed the Coverage of Missing Black and White Women in the Mid-2000s. Conference Papers – International Communication Association: 1–23. 2008. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-09）.
- ^ Cheryl L. Neely. African American Women as Victims of Violence – How do news stories affect our perception of crimes against women from different racial backgrounds?. Utne Reader. 2015 [2017-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-29）.
