有羽毛恐龙列表

本页使用了标题或全文手工转换
维基百科,自由的百科全书

这是一个有关有羽毛恐龙的列表,罗列了目前发现的有羽毛印痕和其他间接证据的非鸟恐龙化石。

相关列表[编辑]

目前已有众多的非鸟恐龙被发现拥有羽毛或类似皮肤衍生物。以下列表为有直接、间接证据证明的有羽毛恐龙(以发现羽毛时间排列)。粗体字型是有发现直接的羽毛痕迹;非粗体字型是代表没有发现直接的羽毛压痕,而是根据羽茎瘤(Quill knobs)、尾综骨(pygostyle)等间接骨头特征来推测,或者是仍未确定者。标(*)记号者,则是非兽脚类恐龙的管状刺毛或丝状毛发;标(?)记号者,则是仍在争议中:

已正式命名的属种[编辑]

图示 标本号 发现羽毛时间 羽毛证据 发现地点 地层年代 备注
1 印石板始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx lithographica
BMNH 37001 1st
Maxberg 3rd
chicken wing 9th
1861[1][2][3] 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鸟第1件伦敦标本
2 西门子古鸟 Archaeornis seimensii HMN MB. 1880/81 2nd 1884[4] 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鸟第2件柏林标本
3 反曲侏鸟 Jurapteryx recurva JM SoS 2257 5th 1974[5][6] 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鸟第5件爱希施泰特标本
4 奇特拟鸟龙 Avimimus portentosus PIN 3907/1 1987[7][8] 尺骨上有羽茎瘤 蒙古纳摩盖吐组(Nemegt Formation) 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶早期 Early Maastrichtian
5 伟大乌禾尔龙 Wellnhoferia grandis Solnhofen 6th 1988[9][10][11] 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鸟第6件索伦霍芬标本
6 巴伐利亚始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx bavarica BSP 1999 I 50 7th 1993[12] 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鸟第7件慕尼黑标本
7 原始中华龙鸟 Sinosauropteryx prima GMV 2123=NIGP 127586
NIGP 127587
D 2141
IVPP V14202
1996[13] 全身丝状结构印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
8 强壮原始祖鸟 Protarchaeopteryx robusta NGMC 2125 1997[14] 前臂有对称飞羽,尾巴有扇形长羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
9 ?多锯似鹈鹕龙 Pelecanimimus polyodon LH 7777 1997[15] 头、颈下方及右肱骨和肘部保存下来一些皮肤衍生物,由一些近于平行的纤维状物质构成,疑似羽毛印痕 西班牙拉斯奥亚斯 (La Hoyas)拉格古尼亚组(La Huerguina Formation) 早白垩纪豪特里维阶晚期到巴列姆阶早期 Late Hauterivian-Early Barremian
10 邹氏尾羽龙 Caudipteryx zoui NGMC 97-4-A
NGMC 97-9-A
BPM 0001
IVPP V11819
1998[16][17] 全身绒羽,前肢尾巴对称长羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
11 奥氏胁空鸟龙 Rahonavis ostromi UA 8656 1998[18][19] 尺骨上有羽茎瘤 马达加斯加任加省梅法拉诺组(Maevarano Formation) 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶 Maastrichtian
12 沙漠鸟面龙 Shuvuuia deserti IGM 100/977 1999[20] 骨架附近保存有一些白色纤维状残余物质,应为管状羽毛印痕,包含β角蛋白 蒙古德加多克塔组 (Djadokhta Formation) 晚白垩纪坎帕阶晚期 Late Campanian
13 千禧中国鸟龙 Sinornithosaurus millenii IVPP V12811
IG-3
IG-5b
1999[21] 全身丝状羽毛,前肢局部有代羽轴的短羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
14 意外北票龙 Beipiaosaurus inexpectus IVPP V11559
STM31-1
1999[22][23] 全身绒羽印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
15 董氏尾羽龙 Caudipteryx dongi IVPP V12344 2000[24] 全身绒羽,前肢尾巴对称长羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
16 赵氏小盗龙 Microraptor zhaoianus IVPP V12330
IVPP V13475
CAGS 20-7-004
CAGS 20-8-001
CAGS02-IG-gausa-1/DM 609
BMNHC PH881
2000[25][26][27][28][29] 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
17 戈壁天青石龙 Nomingia gobiensis GIN 100/119
(=MPC-D 102/5)
MPC-D 102/5
2000[30][31] 尾综骨 蒙古布古吉-特萨(Bugin Tsav)岩层 纳摩盖吐组(Nemegt Formation) 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶早期 Early Maastrichtian
18 保罗氏羽龙 Cryptovolans pauli LPM 0200/0201
=BPM1 3-13
LPM 0159
2002[32] 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
19 赫氏擅攀鸟龙 Scansoriopteryx heilmanni CAGS02-IG-gausa-1/DM 607 2002[33] 有类似绒毛的痕迹环绕在身体周围排列成V样式,最明显的羽毛压痕拖曳在左前臂与手部,尾巴末端羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁道虎沟组(Daohugou Formation) 中侏罗纪巴通阶 Bathonian
20 宁城树息龙 Epidendrosaurus ninchengensis IVPP V12653 2002[34] 身体类似绒毛的痕迹,前肢周围有较长羽毛印痕,尾巴末端有模糊的扇形羽毛痕迹 中国内蒙古宁城县道虎沟组(Daohugou Formation) 中侏罗纪巴通阶 Bathonian
21 顾氏小盗龙 Microraptor gui IVPP V13320
IVPP V13352
IVPP V17972B
IVPP V17972A
QM V1002
2003[35][36][37] 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
22 长掌义县龙 Yixianosaurus longimanus IVPP V12638 2003[38] 丝状羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪凡蓝今阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Valanginian-Early Aptian
23 奇异帝龙 Dilong paradoxus IVPP 14243 2004[39] 下颌尾巴丝状羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪凡蓝今阶晚期豪特里维阶 Late Valanginian-Hauterivian
24 郝氏中国鸟龙 Sinornithosaurus haoiana D 2140 2004[40] 全身丝状羽毛,前肢局部有代羽轴的短羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
25 道虎沟足羽龙 Pedopenna daohugouensis IVPP V12721 2005[41][42] 后肢对称羽毛印痕 中国内蒙古宁城县道虎沟组(Jiufotang Formation) 中侏罗纪巴通阶 Bathonian
26 华美金凤鸟 Jinfengopteryx elegans CAGS-IG-04-0801 2005[43][44] 全身绒羽,前肢尾巴有长羽毛印痕 中国河北丰宁化吉营组(Huajiying Formation)桥头段(Qiaotou Member) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
27 斯氏侏罗猎龙 Juravenator starki JME Sch 200 2006[45][46] 臀部尾巴丝状印痕 德国艾希施泰德(Schamhaupton)派恩滕组(Painten Formation) 晚侏罗纪基米里支阶 Late Kimmeridgian “Borsti”
28 巨中华丽羽龙 Sinocalliopteryx gigas JMP-V-05-8-01
CAGS-IG-T1
2007[47] [48] 全身丝状结构羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
29 蒙古伶盗龙 Velociraptor mongoliensis IGM 100/981 2007[49] 前臂尺骨上有6个羽茎瘤 蒙古巴鲁恩戈约特组(Baruungoyot Formation) 晚白垩纪坎潘阶晚期 Late Campanian
30 义县似尾羽龙 Similicaudipteryx yixianensis IVPP V12556
STM4-1
STM22-6
2008[50][51] 前肢尾巴对称羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
31 郝氏中鸟 Zhongornis haoae D2455/6 2008[52][53][54] 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
32 胡氏耀龙 Epidexipteryx hui IVPP V15471 2008[55] 身体覆盖者简易的平行羽枝构成的羽毛,尾巴附有四个长条状羽毛,尾巴羽毛可发现羽轴、羽片等构造,但构造简易 中国内蒙古宁城县道虎沟组(Daohugou Formation) 中侏罗纪巴通阶 Bathonian
33 赫氏近鸟龙 Anchiornis huxleyi IVPP V14378
BMNHC PH828
LPM-B00169
YFGP-T5199
2009[56] 头部、颈部、身体、大腿及尾巴都覆盖着绒羽印痕,四肢有对称飞羽印痕 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian
34 * 孔子天宇龙 Tianyulong confuciusi STMN 26-3
IVPP V17090
2009[57][58] 颈部背部尾巴管状刺毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
35 ?驼背昆卡猎龙 Concavenator corcovatus MCCM-LH 6666 2010[59] 前肢尺骨保存了类似羽茎瘤的结构 西班牙昆卡韦尔吉纳组(Calizas de La Huerguina Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期 Late Barremian
36 奥氏天宇盗龙 Tianyuraptor ostromi STM1-3 2010[60] 疑似有细丝状绒羽印痕 中国辽宁建昌义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
37 郑氏晓廷龙 Xiaotingia zhengi STM27-2 2011[9] 四肢和尾巴具有飞羽,全身其他部位有细丝状绒羽印痕 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian
38 “建昌”近鸟龙 Anchiornis “jianchangensis” C.0502 2011[61] 头部、颈部、身体、大腿及尾巴都覆盖着绒羽印痕,四肢有对称飞羽印痕 中国辽宁髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian
39 华丽羽王龙 Yutyrannus huali ZCDM V5000(IVPP FV1960)
ZCDMV5001(IVPP FV1961)
ELDM V1001(IVPP FV1962)
2012[62] 全身绒羽印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
40 汉卿小盗龙 Microraptor hanqingi LVH 0026 2012[63] 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
41 阿氏似松鼠龙 Sciurumimus albersdoerferi BMMS BK 11 2012[64] 皮肤上附着有精细的、长的、发丝状羽毛,这些羽毛位于其身体前中部、腹部以下、背脊椎上以及尾部的背部一侧 德国索伦霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen)罗葛灵组(Rogling Formation) 晚侏罗纪提通 Early Tithonian
42 埃德蒙顿似鸟龙 Ornithomimus edmontonicus TMP 1995.110.1
塞氏似鸸鹋龙
Dromiceiomimus samueli
TMP 2008.70.1
TMP 2009.110.1
(短背似鸸鹋龙
Dromiceiomimus brevitertius
2012[65] 短的、绒毛样的羽毛,成年的样品显示了前肢上有着硬的中心轴 加拿大埃德蒙顿地区马蹄峡谷组(Horseshoe Canyon Formation) 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶 Maastrichtian
43 王氏宁远龙 Ningyuansaurus wangi Xingcheng Confucisornis
Museum specimen
2012[66] 全身绒羽印痕 中国辽西义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶 Aptian
44 短羽始中国羽龙 Eosinopteryx brevipenna YFGP-T5197 2013[67] 前肢有长飞羽,全身覆盖丝状绒羽印痕 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山组 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian
45 徐氏曙光鸟 Aurornis xui YFGP-T5198 2013[68] 沿着尾巴基部三分之一,胸部和颈部具有羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian
46 义县建昌龙 Jianchangosaurus yixianensis 41HIII-0308A 2013[69] 颈部具有丝状羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁建昌义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
47 * 乌克莱斯克库林达羽龙 Kulindapteryx ukureica PIN,no.5435/1a
PIN 5435/56
PIN 5435/61
2014[70][71] 前肢有鳞片鬃毛印痕 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) 中-晚侏罗纪巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian
48 * 奥洛夫达乌尔龙 Daurosaurus olovus PIN 5435/57 2014[70] [71] 后肢,前肢有鳞片鬃毛印痕 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) 中-晚侏罗纪巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian
49 杨氏长羽盗龙 Changyuraptor yangi HG B016 2014[72] 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
50 * 外贝加尔库林达奔龙 Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus INREC K4/22
INREC K4/33
INREC K4/44
INREC K4/115
INREC K4/116
INREC K4/150
2014[73][74] 后肢有簇状羽毛印痕,躯干和颈部均有羽毛印痕覆盖 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) 中-晚侏罗纪巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian "Kulindosaurus"
"Kulindodromeus"
51 奥氏葬火龙 Citipati osmolskae MPC-D 100/978 2014[31] 尾综骨 蒙古纳摩盖吐组(Nemegt Formation) 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶早期 Early Maastrichtian
52 纤弱窃螺龙 Conchoraptor gracilis MPC-D 100/1275 2014[31] 尾综骨 蒙古纳摩盖吐组(Nemegt Formation) 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶早期 Early Maastrichtian
53 奇异恐手龙 Deinocheirus mirificus MPC-D 100/128 2014[75] 尾综骨 蒙古纳摩盖吐组(Nemegt Formation) 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶早期 Early Maastrichtian
54 奇翼龙 Yi qi STM 31-2 2015[76] 全身毛羽印痕,前肢有翼膜印痕 中国河北青龙县髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian
55 孙氏振元龙 Zhenyuanlong suni JPM-0008 2015[77] 前肢和尾部有大型羽毛印痕,翅膀很大 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
56 斯氏达科他盗龙 Dakotaraptor steini PBMNH.P.10.113.T 2015[78] 尺骨上有羽茎瘤 美国南达科他州地狱溪组(Hell Creek Formation) 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶 Upper Maastrichtian
57 有羽迷惑盗龙 Apatoraptor pennatus TMP 1993.051.0001 2016[79] 尺骨上有羽茎瘤 加拿大阿尔伯塔省马蹄峡谷组(Horseshoe Canyon Formation) 晚白垩纪坎帕阶 Campanian-age
58 滕氏嘉年华龙 Jianianhualong tengi DLXH 1218 2017[80][81] 尾部有不对称羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixxian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
59 孙氏丝鸟龙 Serikornis sungei PMOL-AB00200 2017[82] 具有羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian ‘Silkie’(YFGP-T5201)
60 厚足奥斯特罗姆龙 Ostromia crassipes TM 6928/6929
(Haarlem specimen;
Teyler specimen; 4th)
SNSB-BSPG 1971 I 211
2017[83] 具有羽毛痕迹 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鸟第4件哈勒姆标本
61 巨嵴彩虹龙 Caihong juji PMoL-B00175 2018[84] 具有羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian
62 艾氏始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi SNSB BSPG VN-2010/1
(Daiting 8th)
2018[85] 具有羽毛印痕 德国默尔恩斯海姆组(Mörnsheim Formation) 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鸟第8件代廷标本
63 干戚刑天龙 Xingtianosaurus ganqi IVPP V13390 2019[86] 具有羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
64 长臂浑元龙 Ambopteryx longibrachium IVPP V24192 2019[87] 全身毛羽印痕,前肢有翼膜印痕 中国辽宁海房沟组(Haifanggou Formation) 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian
65 普氏阿尔特穆尔鸟 Alcmonavis poeschli
SNSB-BSPG 2017 I 133
(Mühlheim 13th)
2019[88] 翅膀 德国默尔恩斯海姆组(Mörnsheim Formation) 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鸟第13件米尔海姆标本
66 渤海舞龙 Wulong bohaiensis DNHM D2933 2020[89] 四肢具有羽毛印痕,尾部有2条长尾羽 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
67 纤瘦纤手龙 Chirostenotes pergracilis UALVP 59400 2020[90] 尾综骨 加拿大阿尔伯塔省恐龙公园组(Dinosaur Park Formation) 晚白垩纪坎帕阶 Campanian-age
68 西南纳瓦霍战龙 Dineobellator notohesperus SMP VP-2430 2020[91] 前臂尺骨上有6个羽茎瘤 美国新墨西哥奥乔阿拉莫组( Ojo Alamo Formation) 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特期 Maastrichtian
69 长鬃矛神龙 Ubirajara jubatus SMNK PAL 29241 2020[92] 沿尾部和背部排列的鬃毛状原羽及肩部从体侧突出的15厘米长的丝带状外皮结构 巴西塞阿拉州克拉图组(Crato Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶 Aptian, Early Cretaceous 为克拉图组发现的第一个非鸟类恐龙
70 王氏达斡尔龙 Daurlong wangi IMMNH-PV00731 2022[93] 在头骨后部到颈部、尾部边缘保存了羽毛痕迹 中国内蒙古龙江组(Longjiang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous

未定种、未正式命名或描述的标本[编辑]

标本号 可能的属、种 图示 发现羽毛时间 羽毛证据 发现地点 地层年代 备注
1 AC 1/7 双脊龙科相似种 cf. Dilophosauridae ? 1997[94][95] 异足龙足迹 Anomoepus,可能是一个兽脚类恐龙的休息迹,包括足印和跗骨印记,在足迹后方有一个耻骨印记。印迹上有类似毛发的一些印痕,这些毛发应该位于这只动物的大腿和腹部 美国南哈德利(South Hadley)康涅狄格河谷 早侏罗纪
2 GMV 2124 疑似中华龙鸟未定种 Sinosauropteryx? sp. 1997[96][97][98] 全身丝状结构羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
3 IVPP V12430 尾羽龙未定种 Caudipteryx sp. 2000[17] 前肢尾巴对称羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixtan Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
4 NGMC 91(“Dave”) 小盗龙亚科未定种 Microraptorinae 2001[99] 全身丝状羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
5 fossil skin
Alan Detrich lab
?霸王龙 Tyrannosaurus rex 2001[100] 皮肤化石,无鳞片,有类似鸡皮疙瘩的突起,推测长有羽毛 北美洲 晚白垩纪晚马斯特里赫特阶 Late Maastrichtian
6 SMF R 4970 *鹦鹉嘴龙未定种 Psittacosaurus sp.
2002[101] 尾巴管状刺毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
7 NGMC 00-12-A 中国鸟龙未定种 Sinornithosaurus sp. 2002[102] 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
8 Wenya Museum
DNO: 087
未知小盗龙类 Microraptoria 2002[103] 全身羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
9 IVPP V13351
IVPP V13476
TNP00996
小盗龙未定种 Microraptor sp. 2003[104] 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
10 IVPP V13477 驰龙科未定种 Dromaeosauridae gen. et sp. 2003[104] 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
11 IVPP V11579 帝龙未定种 Dilong sp. 2004[39] 颈部尾巴丝状结构印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪凡蓝今阶晚期豪特里维阶 Late Valanginian-Hauterivian
12 WDC-CSG-100,10th 始祖鸟未定种 Archaeopteryx sp. 2005[105] 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 德国索伦霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen) 晚侏罗纪早提通阶 Early Tithonian 瑟马普利斯标本 Thermopolis specimen
13 伤齿龙类? Troodontid 2006[106] 全身羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Aptian
14 BHI #126717 “LANE” ?*三角龙未定种 Triceratops sp. 2008[107][108] 皮肤化石,背部尾部有突起痕迹,类似管状刺毛 北美洲 晚白垩纪晚马斯特里赫特阶 Late Maastrichtian
15 STM1-1 华夏颌龙 Huaxiagnathus 2009[109][110] 全身丝状结构羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
16 STM1-4 暴龙类? Tyrannosauroid 2009[109][110] 颈部尾巴丝状结构印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
17 STM1-5 暴龙类 Tyrannosauroid 2010[111] 颈部尾巴丝状结构印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
18 fossil skin,
University of Chicago
Paul Sereno lab
?霸王龙 Tyrannosaurus rex 2012[112] 皮肤化石,无鳞片痕迹,推测长有羽毛 北美洲 晚白垩纪晚马斯特里赫特阶 Late Maastrichtian
19 TMP 2007.20.4 ?埃德蒙顿似鸟龙 Ornithomimus edmontonicus鸸鹋龙未定相似种 D. sp. indet. 2012[65] 疑似羽茎瘤 加拿大埃德蒙顿地区 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶 Maastrichtian
20 PVSJ 512 ?月亮谷始盗龙 Eoraptor lunensis 2013[113] 3-5节脊椎上有杂乱的丝状疑似毛发痕迹 阿根廷伊斯巨拉斯托组(Ischigualasto Formation) 晚三叠纪早卡尼阶 Early Carnian
21 11th 始祖鸟未定种 Archaeopteryx sp.
2014[114] 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 德国索伦霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen) 晚侏罗纪早提通阶 Early Tithonian 奥特姆尔标本 Altmühl specimen
22 PIN,nos.5435/13
5435/14
5435/23a.b
5435/47
5435/48
5435/59a.b
* 棱齿龙属种未定 Hypsilophodontia indet. 2014[70] [71] 鳞片鬃毛印痕 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) 中-晚侏罗纪巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian
23 PMOL-AD00113 似尾羽龙未定种 Similicaudipteryx sp. 2014[115] 尾综骨 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufuotannd Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
24 YFGP-T5200 基干鸟翼类 basalmost Avialae 2014[116] 具有羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁髫髻山组 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian
25 PMOL-AD00055 小盗龙亚科未定种 Microraptorinae 2015[117] 具有羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁建昌九佛堂组 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
26 UALVP 52531 似鸟龙未定种 Ornithomimus sp. 2015[118] 背部、腹侧、股骨远端、尾部上面有较短羽毛的印痕 加拿大阿尔伯塔省恐龙公园组(Dinosaur Park Formation) 上白垩统上坎潘阶 Upper Campanian 可能被归为塞氏似鸸鹋龙 Dromiceiomimus samueli
27 IVPP V13476 小盗龙亚科 Microraptorinae 2016[119] 尾部,下肢丝状羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
28 DIP-V-15103 “Eva” 手盗龙类 Maniraptora 2016[120] 琥珀中的有羽毛尾部 缅甸北部克钦邦胡康河谷组(Hukawng Valley Formation) 中白垩统诺曼森阶 Albian-Cenomanian
29 STM-0-9、STM-0-114
STM-0-118、STM-0-125
STM-0-127、STM-0-132
STM-0-133、STM-0-144
STM-0-147
近鸟龙 Anchiornis 2017[121] 头部、颈部、身体、大腿及尾巴都覆盖着绒羽印痕,四肢有对称飞羽印痕 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian
30 12th 始祖鸟 未定种 Archaeopteryx sp. 2018[122] 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 德国派恩滕组(Painten Formation) 晚侏罗纪提通阶 Early Tithonian 施哈普滕标本 Schamhaupten specimen

备注

某些鸟臀目恐龙(鹦鹉嘴龙天宇龙库林达奔龙)与翼龙目的毛,与兽脚类恐龙的原始羽毛,可能是同源演化的结果,也有可能不是。[123][124]三角龙可能有独特的皮肤结构。根据一个目前还没有经过叙述的标本显示,三角龙的身体可能覆盖者类似鬃毛的结构,在这具化石的腹部鳞片类似于鳄鱼腹部的带状鳞片,背部和尾部皮肤上有一些拳头大的突起,中心部位有乳突状的结构,该结构类似于固定豪猪类的刚毛的结构,比较相似更原始的鹦鹉嘴龙的尾部毛状结构[107][108]。驼背昆卡猎龙的前肢有像羽茎瘤的结构,这是其他有羽毛恐龙也有的结构,羽茎瘤的结构简单及空心,就像虚骨龙类及一些鸟臀目,如天宇龙鹦鹉嘴龙[125]


有一些物种有大量的有羽毛印痕的化石发现,许多化石还没有经过整理描述,在中国有许多博物馆及私人收藏家收藏有大量的此类化石,其中位于中国山东平邑县的天宇自然博物馆就收藏有有羽毛印痕的驰龙类标本400件左右,近鸟龙标本250件左右,热河鸟类100件左右。[110]


在一些最新的研究中认为,始祖鸟并不是鸟类,而是一种小型兽脚类恐龙。有一些研究指所有的始祖鸟标本都是属于同一物种。[126]但是标本之间亦存在明显的分别。就如慕尼黑、爱希施特、索伦霍芬及瑟马普利斯标本就较伦敦、柏林及哈勒姆标本小或是更大型,有着不同的脚趾比例、更细长的鼻端、向前的牙齿排列及可能存在的胸骨。这些差别就像(或更大)现今不同种鸟类之间的差别。可是这些差别亦可以不同年龄作为解释。2017年的一项研究认为第四件标本哈勒姆标本是一种近鸟类,并重新命名。2019年研究者将一件2017年发现第十三件前肢标本鉴定为鸟翼类新种。

  • 印石板始祖鸟Archaeopteryx lithographica 羽毛标本(HMN.Ab.100; BSP coll.) 后来作为所有标本的命名,马克斯柏格标本(Opitsch coll.; Maxberg specimen; 3rd)、鸡翅标本(Burgermeister-Muller Museum coll.; chicken wing; 9th)
  • 大尾始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx macrura 伦敦标本(BMNH 37001; London specimen;1st)
  • 西门子古鸟 Archaeornis siemensii = 西门子始祖鸟Archaeopteryx siemensii 柏林标本(HMN MB. 1880/81; Berlin specimen; 2nd)
  • 反曲侏鸟 Jurapteryx recurva = 反曲始祖鸟Archaeopteryx recurva 爱希施泰特标本(JM SoS 2257; Eichstatt specimen; 5th)
  • 伟大乌禾尔龙 Wellnhoferia grandis 索伦霍芬标本(Burgermeister Muller Museum coll.; Solnhofen specimen; 6th)
  • 巴伐利亚始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx bavarica 慕尼黑标本(前称索伦霍芬AV标本)(BSP 1999 I 50; Munich specimen; Solnhofen-Aktien-Verein specimen; 7th)
  • 厚足奥斯特罗姆龙 Ostromia crassipes 哈勒姆标本(又称泰勒斯标本)(TM 6928/29; Haarlem specimen; Teyler specimen; 4th)
  • 艾氏始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi 代廷标本(private coll.; Daiting specimen; 8th),相对于其他标本处于较新的地层
  • 普氏阿尔特穆尔鸟 Alcmonavis poeschli 米尔海姆标本(Mühlheim specimen; 13th)
  • 始祖鸟未定种 Archaeopteryx sp. 瑟马普利斯标本(WDC-CSG-100; Thermopolis specimen; 10th)、奥特姆尔标本(Altmühl specimen; 11th)、施哈普滕标本(Schamhaupten specimen; 12th)

初鸟类[编辑]

有几种有羽毛的初鸟类一般在一些讨论中被列为鸟类,但在另外一些讨论中也被列为恐龙

图示 标本号 发现羽毛时间 羽毛证据 发现地点 地层年代 备注
1 原始热河鸟 Jeholornis prima IVPP V13274
IVPP V13353
IVPP V13350
2002[127] 全身绒羽羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
2 中华神州鸟 Shenzhouraptor sinensis
LPM 0193 2002[128] 全身绒羽羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
3 东方吉祥鸟 Jixiangornis orientalis
CDPC-02-04-001 2002[129] 全身绒羽羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
4 粗颌大连鸟 Dalianraptor cuhe D2139 2005[130] 全身绒羽羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
5 棕尾热河鸟 Jeholornis palmapenis SDM 20090109.1/2 2011[131] 全身绒羽印痕尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
6 热河鸟未定种 Jeholornis sp. STM2-18、STM2-8
STM2-11、STM2-23
STM2-37、STM3-3
STM3-4、STM3-30
STM2-51
2013[132][133] 全身绒羽印痕尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组 (Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
7 曲足热河鸟 Jeholornis curvipes YFGP-yb2 2014[134] 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
8 原始福井鸟 Fukuipteryx prima FPDM-V-9769 2019[135] 尾综骨 日本福井北谷层(Kitadani Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
9 长尾优雅鸟 Kompsornis longicaudus AGB-6997 2020[136] 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
10 直掌内蒙鸟 Neimengornis rectusmim IMMNH-PV00122 2021[137] 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian
  • 热河鸟、神州鸟、吉祥鸟、优雅鸟、大连鸟可以归为热河鸟形类(Jeholornithiformes),这些物种的形态比较接近,大小与形态同金凤鸟中国鸟龙小盗龙耀龙近鸟龙也比较接近,热河鸟与神州鸟被认为是同一物种,也有人认为吉祥鸟也是同一物种,但是认同的不多,也有人认为大连鸟也是一种热河鸟。

单独发现的羽毛化石[编辑]

图示 标本号 发现时间 发现地点 地层年代 备注
1 印石板始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx lithographica
HMN.Ab.100 1861[1] 德国下松霍芬砂岩(Upper Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone) 晚侏罗世提通期早期
2 萨雷苏白垩小鸟 Cretaaviculus sarysuensis 羽毛标本 1969[138] 哈萨克斯坦博斯托贝组(Bostobe Formation) 晚白垩世桑托期
3 沙氏前鸟英语Praeornis Praeornis sharovi PIN 2585/32
ZPAL V 32/967
1978[139][140] 哈萨克斯坦巴拉班赛组(Balabansai Formation) 侏罗纪中晚期, 卡洛夫期-启莫里期
4 维氏莱里达羽鸟英语Ilerdopteryx Ilerdopteryx viai LP-715 IEI
LP-1327 IEI
LP IEI coll.
seven body feathers
1985[141] 西班牙La Pedrera de Rubies Lithographic Limestones Formation 早白垩世,贝里亚期-巴列姆期

参考资料[编辑]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 von Meyer, H. (1861). Archaeopteryx litographica (Vogel-Feder) und Pterodactylus von Solenhofen. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde. 1861: 678–679, plate V [Article in German] Fulltext at Google Books页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  2. ^ Holtz, Thomas, Jr. Archaeopteryxs Relationship With Modern Birds. Journal of Dinosaur Paleontology. 1995 [2007-03-01]. (原始内容存档于2007-02-09). 
  3. ^ Xing Xu, Hailu You, Kai Du and Fenglu Han. An Archaeopteryx-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae. Nature. 28 July 2011, 475 (7357): 465–470 [2014-10-19]. PMID 21796204. doi:10.1038/nature10288. (原始内容存档于2011-09-27). 
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