森林玻璃

维基百科,自由的百科全书

森林玻璃(德语:Waldglas)是一种中世纪晚期的玻璃,大约在公元 1000 年至 1700 年期间在欧洲西北部和中部生产,使用木灰和沙子作为主要原料,并在森林地区被称为温室的工厂中制造。它的特点是各种黄绿色,早期的产品往往设计粗糙,质量差,主要用于日常器皿,越来越多地用于教会的彩色玻璃窗。 它的成分和制造与以地中海为中心的罗马和前罗马玻璃制品以及东部同时代的拜占庭和伊斯兰玻璃制品形成鲜明对比。

参考资料[编辑]

  • Agricola, G. 1556, De Re Metallica, Book XII, Basel, (translated by H.C. and L.H. Hoover) Dover reprint 1950.
  • Cable, M., 1998, The operation of wood-fired glass-melting furnaces. In: P. McCray and D. Kingery (eds.), The *Prehistory and History of Glassmaking Technology, 315–330.
  • Crossley, D.,1998, The English glassmaker and his search for raw materials in the 16th and 17th centuries. In: P. *McCray and D. Kingery (eds.), The Prehistory and History of Glassmaking Technology, 167–179.
  • Eramo, G., 2006, The glass-making crucibles of Derrière Sairoche (1699-1714 AD, Ct. Bern, Switzerland): a petrological approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 440–452.
  • Freestone, I., 1992, Theophilus and the composition of medieval glass. In: P. Vandiver er al. (eds.), Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III, 739–745.
  • Hammersley, G., 1973, The Charcoal Iron Industry and its Fuel. Economic History Review ser 2,26,593–613.
  • Newton, R.G.,1978, Colouring agents used by medieval glass-makers. Glass Technology 19, 59–60.
  • Pollard, A.M., and Heron, C., 1996, Archaeological Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry.
  • Rehren, Th., 2000, Rationales in Old World base glass compositions. Journal of Archaeological Science 27, 1225–1234.
  • Schalm, O., Calluwe, D., Wouters, H., Janssens, K., Verhaeghe, F., & Pieters, M., 2004, Chemical composition and deterioration of glass excavated in the 15-16th century fishermen town of Raversijde (Belgium), Spectrochimica Acta Part B 59, 1647-1656.
  • Seibel, F., 2000, The Mandeville Miniature: Correct or Faulty?. In: Annales du 14e Congres de l'Association Internationale pour l'histoire du Verre, 2000, 208–209.
  • Shortland, A., Schachner, L., Freestone, I. and Tite, M., 2006, Natron as a flux in the early vitreous materials industry: sources, beginnings and reasons for decline. Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 521–530.
  • Smedley, J., Jackson, C.M., and Booth, C.A., 1998, Back to the roots: the raw materials, glass recipes and glassmaking practices of Theophilus. In: P. McCray and D. Kingery (eds.), The Prehistory and History of Glassmaking Technology, 145–165.
  • Stern, W.B. and Gerber, Y., 2004. Potassium-Calcium Glass: New data and experiments. Archaeometry 46, 137–156.
  • Tait, H., 1991. Five Thousand Years of Glass. British Museum Press, London.
  • Theophilus, On Divers Arts. Edited and translated (1963) by J.G.Hawthorne and C.S.Smith (Dover Publications, New York)
  • Wedepohl, K.H., 2000, The change in composition of medieval glass types occurring in excavated fragments from Germany. In: Annales du 14e Congres de l'Association Internationale pour l'histoire du Verre, 1998, 253–257.
  • Wedepohl, K.H., 2005. The change in composition of medieval glass types occurring in excavated fragments from Germany. In: Annales du 16e Congres de l'Association Internationale pour l'histoire du Verre, 2003, 203–206.