乌尊哈桑

乌尊哈桑（1423年－1478年1月6日）（英语：Uzun Hasan；阿塞拜疆语：اوزون حسن , Uzun Həsən；土耳其语：Uzun Hasan）一译乌宗哈桑，是白羊王朝的第九任统治者（1453年－1478年）。白羊王朝实际创建人卡拉·奥斯曼（英语：Qara Osman）的曾孙。

乌尊哈桑出生于迪亚巴克尔，他信奉逊尼派，通晓《古兰经》，熟悉突厥语、波斯语和阿拉伯语。乌尊哈桑曾娶特拉比松帝国皇帝约翰四世·梅加斯·科穆宁之女狄奥多拉·梅加斯·科穆宁娜为妻。

1453年，乌尊哈桑继承为白羊王朝统治者，在他领导下，白羊王朝开始强大。1467年10月30日^[1]（或11月11日^[2]），乌尊哈桑带领白羊土库曼军队在宾格尔省附近击败黑羊王朝的统治者贾汗·沙^[3]^[4]，并于翌年将黑羊王朝灭亡。1468年，他又击败帖木儿帝国的卜撒因，并占据亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、伊拉克北部和伊朗中西部，把国土伸展至巴格达以及波斯湾沿岸，并进一步将疆域伸展至伊朗甚至到达呼罗珊地区，亦因此迁都大不里士。^[5]。

在西面的战线，乌尊哈桑与特拉比松帝国及威尼斯共和国结盟以对抗奥斯曼帝国的穆罕默德二世。但是于1461年，乌尊哈桑未能阻穆罕默德二世灭亡与他有姻亲关系的特拉比松帝国。更于1473年，乌尊哈桑在泰尔詹战役（英语：Battle of Otlukbeli）中以轻骑兵为主的传统土库曼军队在仅仅一天时间内就被奥斯曼帝国军队以火枪和加农炮摧毁^[6]。

1478年，乌尊哈桑去世，其子哈里勒继位为苏丹。乌尊哈桑死后，继承人在争权内讧，终于在19年后的1497年在传位五任苏丹后国家分裂为二，再被萨法维王朝的创建者伊斯玛仪一世于1501年在阿塞拜疆起兵打败他们，1502年并攻克白羊王朝首都大不里士，定都于此地。1508年，伊斯玛仪一世将白羊王朝覆灭，为萨法维王朝所取代。

参考资料[编辑]

^ Edward Granville Browne. A History of Persian Literature Under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265–1502). Cambridge: The University press Publication. 2009: 89 [2013-02-04]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-29）.
^ Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6. Cambridge University Press. 1986: 1120 [2013-02-04]. ISBN 9780521200943. （原始内容存档于2018-09-29）.
^ Alexander Mikaberidze. Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2011: 907 [2013-02-13]. ISBN 9781598843361. （原始内容存档于2020-10-12）.
^ Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6. Cambridge University Press. 1986: 173 [2013-02-13]. ISBN 9780521200943. （原始内容存档于2020-10-09）.
^ Stevens, John. The history of Persia. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kerman, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all Cities occasionally mention'd, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bukhara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Persian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Persian history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a famous Eastern Author that of Ormuz, by Torunxa, King of that Island, both of them translated into Spanish, by Antony Teixeira, who liv'd several Years in Persia and India; and now render'd into English.
^ Babinger, Franz. Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time. Bollingen Series XCVI. ed. by William C. Hickman, trans. by Ralph Manheim. Princeton University Press. 1978: 314–315. ISBN 0-691-09900-6.

前任：吉汗格尔	白羊王朝苏丹 1453年－1478年	继任：哈里勒

[1] Edward Granville Browne. A History of Persian Literature Under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265–1502). Cambridge: The University press Publication. 2009: 89 [2013-02-04]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-29）.

[2] Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6. Cambridge University Press. 1986: 1120 [2013-02-04]. ISBN 9780521200943. （原始内容存档于2018-09-29）.

[3] Alexander Mikaberidze. Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2011: 907 [2013-02-13]. ISBN 9781598843361. （原始内容存档于2020-10-12）.

[4] Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6. Cambridge University Press. 1986: 173 [2013-02-13]. ISBN 9780521200943. （原始内容存档于2020-10-09）.

[5] Stevens, John. The history of Persia. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kerman, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all Cities occasionally mention'd, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bukhara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Persian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Persian history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a famous Eastern Author that of Ormuz, by Torunxa, King of that Island, both of them translated into Spanish, by Antony Teixeira, who liv'd several Years in Persia and India; and now render'd into English.

[6] Babinger, Franz. Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time. Bollingen Series XCVI. ed. by William C. Hickman, trans. by Ralph Manheim. Princeton University Press. 1978: 314–315. ISBN 0-691-09900-6.

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