人渣宣言
人渣宣言（SCUM Manifesto），或意译为“消灭男性协会宣言”，是瓦莱丽·索拉纳斯于1967年发表的基进女权主义宣言。 [1][2] 宣言主张男人败毁了世界，而该由女人来修正世界。为了实现此目标，宣言主张成立“消灭男性协会”（SCUM），一个致力于推翻社会和消灭男性的组织。 因为模仿弗洛伊德的女性气质理论，《人渣宣言》常认为是讽刺或戏仿作品。 [3][4]
人渣（SCUM）出现在第一版的封面上，为“消灭男性协会”（Society for Cutting Up Men）的缩写。 [5][6]
在索拉纳斯试图枪杀安迪·沃荷之前，《人渣宣言》鲜为人知。谋杀事件替索拉纳斯与《人渣宣言》带来极大关注。[7][8] 虽然女性主义者基阿特金森为索拉纳斯辩护，认为《宣言》是对父权的合理批评，但傅瑞丹等其他女性主义者认为索拉纳斯的观点过于偏激和极化。
内容[编辑]
在这个“社会”里的“生活”极其无聊，“社会”的任何层面都与女性无关。具备公民意识、负责任、追求刺激的女性只能推翻政府、废除货币、建立完善的自动化建制并消灭男性。
"Life" in this "society" being, at best, an utter bore and no aspect of "society" being at all relevant to women, there remains to civic-minded, responsible, thrill-seeking females only to overthrow the government, eliminate the money system, institute complete automation and eliminate the male sex.——人渣宣言
宣言始于一项理论假设，即出于Y染色体的基因缺陷，男人是“不完整的女人”。[9] 此基因缺陷造成男性情感能力受限、自我中心、欠缺热情与人际互动能力。索拉纳斯描述男性缺乏同情心，只能凭自己直接的感官经验行事。[10]
宣言持续论述，男人终生试图成为一个女人，以克服自己的残缺。为此，男人“寻找女人、与女人交好，与女人同居，与女人合为一体”（constantly seeking out, fraternizing with and trying to live through and fuse with the female）。索拉纳斯拒绝了佛洛伊德的阴茎羡妒理论，反而论证是男性有阴部羡妒。索拉纳斯随后指控男性搞烂了整个世界，罗列了一长串男人的罪行，包含战争等。[11]
基于前述种种罪行，消灭男性有道德上之必要。[12] 宣言主张成立一支女性的革命先锋队。这支革命先锋队就是“消灭男性协会”（SCUM）。宣言强调，“消灭男性协会”（SCUM）必须采取比公民不服从更加激进的破坏行动与暴力，否则不足以摧毁整套社会系统。“消灭男性协会的示威游行必踩在总统那令人作呕的蠢脸上；消灭男性协会的袭击必在黑夜中，用六吋的刀”（If SCUM ever marches, it will be over the President's stupid, sickening face; if SCUM ever strikes, it will be in the dark with a six-inch blade）。
宣言结尾，描绘了没有男人的女性乌托邦。没有金钱，没有疾病与死亡。宣言进一步重申，男性是在不理性地捍卫现存制度，应接受自己灭亡的必要性。[13]
影响[编辑]
刺杀安迪·沃荷[编辑]
Laura Winkiel认为索拉纳斯便是基于宣言刺杀安迪沃荷。[14][15][16][17]
改编[编辑]
1976年，《人渣宣言》被改编为电影。Carole Roussopoulos和德尔芬·塞里格执导该片。电影中，塞里格读了宣言法译本中的几段内容。[18][19]
1996年的电影《颠覆三度空间》[注 1]（I Shot Andy Warhol）中有描述了索拉纳斯的作品以及她与安迪·沃荷的关系 。索拉纳斯与安迪·沃荷的观念差异，很大一部分与《人渣宣言》有关，以及作者身份概念上的争议。 [20]
参见[编辑]
参考[编辑]
注释[编辑]
- ^ 台湾译名
注脚[编辑]
- ^ Penner (2011)
- ^ Jansen (2011) and see pp. 6, 129–160 (ch. 6, esp. pp. 131–135, 137–142, 145–148, & 150–160), 208 & 218.
- ^ Castro (1990)
- ^ Woods, Chavisa. Hating Valerie Solanas (And Loving Violent Men). Full Stop. 21 May 2019 [25 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-30） （英语）.
- ^ Jansen (2011), pp. 159–160
- ^ Fahs (2014)
- ^ Drake & Kerekes (2004), p. 199
- ^ Bernstein Weiss, Tracey. The Rhetoric of Radical Feminism: A Pentadic Analysis of the Inception of a Rhetorical Movement. Temple University. 1978: 3.
- ^ Solanas (1968), p. 31
- ^ Solanas (1968), pp. 32–33
- ^ Solanas (1968), pp. 34–35
- ^ Solanas (1968), pp. 67–70
- ^ Solanas (1968), pp. 80–84
- ^ Winkiel (1999), p. 73 ("the only act of violence to come as a direct result of the manifesto") and p. 79 (the Manifesto "result[ing] in one failed assassination").
- ^ Hoberman, J. The Magic Hour: Film at Fin de Siècle. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. 2003: 49. ISBN 1-56639-996-3.
Valerie Solanas really was a nobody until she shot Andy Warhol. But once The SCUM Manifesto was underlined in blood, Solanas hardly had to wait for admirers.... Solanas was claimed as an 'important spokeswoman' by the radical wing of NOW ....
- ^ Siegel, Deborah. Sisterhood, Interrupted: From Radical Women to Grrls Gone Wild. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2007: 2. ISBN 978-1-4039-8204-9.
Valerie Solanas, author of the man-hating tract known as the S.C.U.M. (Society for Cutting Up Men) Manifesto, shot Andy Warhol.... [¶] To women of the Baby Boomer generation, th[is and other] ... opening salvos of a revolution are moments of canonical—and personal—feminist history.
- ^ Siegel, Deborah. Sisterhood, Interrupted: From Radical Women to Grrls Gone Wild. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2007: 71–72. ISBN 978-1-4039-8204-9.
"Solanas's supporters argued that the shooting of a prominent male avant-garde figure was a bold political statement offered in the name of women's liberation".
- ^ Biet, Christian; Olivier Neveux. Une histoire du spectacle militant: théâtre et cinéma militants 1966-1981. Entretemps. 2007: 294. ISBN 978-2-912877-63-5 （法语）.
- ^ Fleckinger, Hélène; Carou, Alain; Faucon, Térésa; Mc Nulty, Callisto; Noteris, Émilie. SCUM Manifesto : film, texts and archives about the 1976 staged reading of extracts from Valerie Solanas's SCUM Manifesto by Carole Roussopoulos and Delphine Seyrig. Paris: Naima Editions. 2018. ISBN 978-2-37440-100-3.
- ^ Staff, Tilt. Greatest Films Directed by Women. Tilt Magazine. 2022-03-08 [2022-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-22） （英语）.
书目[编辑]
- Castro, Ginette. American Feminism: A Contemporary History
. Translated by Elizabeth Loverde-Bagwell. New York: New York University Press. 1990. ISBN 0-8147-1448-X. (translated from Radioscopie du féminisme américain (Paris, France: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1984) - Davis, Debra Diane. Breaking up [at] Totality: a Rhetoric of Laughter. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. 2000. ISBN 0809322285.
- Dexter, Gary. Why not Catch-21?: The Stories behind the Titles. London: Frances Lincoln. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7112-2796-5.
- Drake, Temple; Kerekes, David. Headpress Guide to the Counterculture: A Sourcebook for Modern Readers. Manchester: Headpress. 2004. ISBN 1900486350.
- Echols, Alice. The new feminism of yin and yang. Ann Barr Snitow; Christine Stansell; Sharon Thompson (编). Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality. New York: Monthly Review Press. 1983. ISBN 0-85345-610-0.
- Echols, Alice. Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967–1975. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. 1989. ISBN 0-8166-1787-2.
- Fahs, Breanne. Valerie Solanas. The Feminist Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1558618480.
- Faso, Frank; Lee, Henry. Actress defiant: 'I'm not sorry'. Daily News 49 (297) (New York). 5 June 1968.
- Fleckinger, Hélène; Carou, Alain; Faucon, Térésa; Mc Nulty, Callisto; Noteris, Émilie. SCUM Manifesto : film, texts and archives about the 1976 staged reading of extracts from Valerie Solanas's SCUM Manifesto by Carole Roussopoulos and Delphine Seyrig. Paris: Naima Editions. 2018. ISBN 978-2-37440-100-3.
- Greer, Germaine. The Female Eunuch. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1971.
- Harding, James Martin. Forget Fame. Valerie Solanas, the Simplest Surrealist Act, and the (Re)Assertion of Avant-Garde Priorities. Cutting Performances: Collage Events, Feminist Artists, and the American Avant-Garde. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-472-11718-5.
- Heller, Dana. Shooting Solanas: radical feminist history and the technology of failure. Victoria Hesford; Lisa Diedrich (编). Feminist Time against Nation Time: Gender, Politics, and the Nation-State in an Age of Permanent War. Lanham, MD: Lexington. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7391-1123-9.
- Hewitt, Nancy A. Solanas, Valerie. Susan Ware; Stacy Lorraine Braukman (编). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 2004. ISBN 0-674-01488-X.
- Jansen, Sharon L. Reading Women's Worlds from Christine de Pizan to Doris Lessing: A Guide to Six Centuries of Women Writers Imagining Rooms of Their Own. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. ISBN 978-0-230-11066-3.
- Lord, Catherine. Wonder Waif Meets Super Neuter. October. 2010, 132 (132): 135–163. S2CID 57566909. doi:10.1162/octo.2010.132.1.135.
- Lyon, Janet. Transforming manifestoes: a second-wave problematic. Yale Journal of Criticism. 1991, 5 (1): 101–127.
- Marmorstein, Robert. SCUM goddess: a winter memory of Valerie Solanis. The Village Voice. 13 June 1968: 9–20.
- Penner, James. Pinks, Pansies, and Punks: The Rhetoric of Masculinity in American Literary Culture. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-253-22251-0.
- Purkis, Jon; Bowen, James. Twenty-First Century Anarchism: Unorthodox Ideas for a New Millennium. London: Cassell. 1997. ISBN 978-0304337422.
- Rich, B. Ruby. Manifesto destiny: drawing a bead on Valerie Solanas. Voice Literary Supplement (New York, NY: The Village Voice). 1993, 119: 16–17. (review of Valerie Solanas' SCUM Manifesto)
- Ronell, Avitel. Deviant payback: the aims of Valerie Solanas. SCUM Manifesto. London: Verso. 2004. ISBN 1-85984-553-3.
- Singleton, Carl; Knight, Jeffrey A.; Wildin, Rowena. The Sixties in America. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press. 1999. ISBN 0-89356-982-8.
- Smith, Howard; Van der Horst, Brian. Scenes: Valerie Solanas interview. The Village Voice. 25 July 1977, XXII (30).
- Solanas, Valerie. SCUM Manifesto. Olympia Press. 1968.
- Winkiel, Laura. The 'Sweet Assassin' and the Performative Politics of SCUM Manifesto. Patricia Juliana Smith (编). The Queer Sixties. New York: Routledge. 1999. ISBN 978-0-415-92168-8.
外部链接[编辑]
- Smith, Donny, "Valerie Solanas: Bibliography"，存档于互联网档案馆（存档日期 2005-08-17）
- The SCUM Manifesto