紅色走廊
納薩爾派活動地區，2007年（上）、2013年（中）和2018年（下）。
紅色走廊（英語：Red Corridor）是印度東部、中部和南部的部分地區，正經歷著納薩爾毛派叛亂。[1]主要的納薩爾派團體是印度共產黨（毛主義）。[2]根據《印度非法活動（預防）法》（1967年），所有形式的納薩爾組織都已被宣布為恐怖組織。[3][4][5][6]
紅色走廊是現代印度最大的文盲、貧困和人口過剩地區，橫跨安得拉邦、比哈爾邦、切蒂斯格爾邦、賈坎德邦、中央邦、馬哈拉施特拉邦、奧里薩邦、特倫甘納邦、西孟加拉邦和北方邦東部。[7][8][9] 據印度內政部統計，2016年這10個邦共發生1048起左翼極端主義暴力事件。[10]
經濟狀況[編輯]
紅色走廊是印度最貧窮的地區之一。賈坎德邦、奧里薩邦、切蒂斯格爾邦和特倫甘納邦（前身為安得拉邦的一部分）等地要麼貧窮，要麼經濟上存在嚴重不平等，或者兩者兼而有之。[11][12]
該地區的一個關鍵特徵是非多元化經濟，完全是基於第一產業。農業（有時以礦業或林業為輔）是經濟的中流砥柱，經常無法支持人口的快速增長。[13][14][15] 該地區擁有豐富的自然資源，包括礦產、林業和潛在的水力發電能力。例如，奧里薩邦「擁有印度60％的鋁土礦儲量、25％的煤炭、28％的鐵礦石、92％的鎳和28％的錳礦儲量。」[16]
社會狀況[編輯]
紅色走廊所包含的地區社會分層，伴隨著種姓和封建區隔。該地區的大部分地區都有土生土長的部落民（被稱為阿迪瓦西），包括桑塔人和岡德人。比哈爾邦和賈坎德邦有種姓和部落分裂，暴力與這些社會團體之間的摩擦有關。[17][18][19]安得拉邦的特倫甘納地區同樣有很深的種姓隔離。[20][21]切蒂斯格爾邦和奧里薩邦都有極為貧困的部落民。[22][23][24]
受影響地區[編輯]
據印度政府稱，2009年，180個縣受納薩爾派影響。[25]截至2011年7月，十個邦的83個縣（這個數字包括新增的20個縣）受左翼極端主義的影響，[26][27]截至2016年2月12日，受影響地區為10個邦的106個縣。[28]截至2017年12月，9個邦的105個縣受左翼極端主義影響，[26][27]截至2021年6月，十個邦的70個縣受影響。
| 印度的邦和中央直轄區 | 縣數 | 受影響縣數 | 受影響縣[29] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 賈坎德邦 | 24 | 18 | 哈扎里巴縣, 洛哈達伽縣, 帕拉木縣, 查特拉縣, 加瓦縣, 蘭契縣, 根拉縣, 辛德伽縣, 拉特哈爾縣, 基里迪縣, 科達馬縣, 博卡羅縣, 但巴德縣, 東新奔縣, 西新奔縣, 薩萊克拉卡爾薩旺縣, 昆蒂縣, 拉姆格爾縣 |
| 比哈爾邦 | 38 | 11 | 奧蘭加巴德縣, 加雅縣, 羅塔斯縣, Bhojpur, 開姆爾縣, 東查姆帕蘭縣, 西查姆帕蘭縣, 錫塔馬里縣, 蒙吉爾縣, 納瓦達縣, 扎穆伊縣 |
| 切蒂斯格爾邦 | 27 | 10 | 巴斯塔縣, 比賈布爾縣 (恰蒂斯加爾邦), 丹德瓦達縣, 坎克爾縣, 拉吉南德岡縣, 蘇古賈縣, 傑什布爾縣, 科里亞縣, 納拉延普爾縣, 蘇格馬縣 |
| 奧里薩邦 | 30 | 9 | 馬爾康格伊里, Ganjam, Koraput, Gajapati, Rayagada, Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh, Deogarh, Kandhamal |
| 安得拉邦 | 13 | 8 | Guntur, Prakasam, Anantapur, Kurnool, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram |
| 特倫甘納邦 | 10 | 8 | Warangal, Karimnagar, Adilabad, Khammam, Medak, Nalgonda, Mahbubnagar, Nizamabad |
| 馬哈拉施特拉邦 | 36 | 3 | Gadchiroli, Chandrapur, Gondia |
| 北方邦 | 75 | 3 | Sonbhadra, Mirzapur, Chandauli |
| 西孟加拉邦 | 19 | 3 | Bankura, West Midnapore, Purulia |
| 中央邦 | 50 | 1 | Balaghat |
| 合計 | 319 | 74 |
奧里薩之分[編輯]
紅色走廊幾乎從印度與尼泊爾的邊界連接到泰米爾納德邦的北部邊界。然而，奧里薩邦的沿海地區與中心地區有顯著差異，納薩爾派活動較少，識字率和經濟多樣化指數較高。[30][31] 而屬於紅色走廊的奧里薩邦非沿海地區的指標明顯較低，整個地區的識字率遠低於全國平均水平。[32][33]丹德瓦達縣識字率30％，在全國識字率最低。[34]
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ Rahul Pandita. Hello Bastar: The Untold Story Of India’s Maoist Movement. Tranquebar Press (2011). ISBN 978-93-8065834-6.Chapter VI. p. 111
- ^ Agarwal, Ajay. Revelations from the red corridor. [27 April 2012]. （原始內容存檔於20 January 2013）.
- ^ ::Ministry of Home Affairs:: 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期10 May 2012.
- ^ Maoist Communist Centre - Left Wing Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal. [1 April 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-26）.
- ^ People's War Group - Left Wing Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal. [1 April 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-25）.
- ^ Sukanya Banerjee, "Mercury Rising: India’s Looming Red Corridor", Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008.
- ^ Armed revolt in the Red Corridor. Mondiaal Nieuws, Belgium. 2008-06-25 [2008-10-17]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-26）.
- ^ Women take up guns in India's red corridor. The Asian Pacific Post. 2008-06-09 [2008-10-17]. （原始內容存檔於22 June 2006）.
- ^ Rising Maoists Insurgency in India. Global Politician. 2007-05-13 [2008-10-17]. （原始內容存檔於2010-04-11）.
- ^ Bihar ranks third among 10 states hit by Maoist violence. [2018-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-12）.
- ^ Magnus Öberg, Kaare Strøm, "Resources, Governance and Civil Conflict", Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0-415-41671-X. Snippet: ... the general consensus is that the insurgency was started to address various economic and social injustices related to highly skewed distributions of cropland ...
- ^ Debal K. SinghaRoy, "Peasant Movements in Post-colonial India: Dynamics of Mobilization and Identity", Sage Publications, 2004, ISBN 0-7619-9826-8.
- ^ Fernando Franco, "Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh", Indian Social Institute, 2002, ISBN 81-87218-46-0. ... Land deprivation is the major cause of mass poverty especially in view of the low level of economic diversification in rural areas. Amongst all major states, Bihar has the second highest proportion (55 per cent) of landless or quasi-landless households in the rural population ...
- ^ Dietmar Rothermund, "An Economic History of India: From Pre-colonial Times to 1991", Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-415-08871-2. Snippet: ... Eastern India has been bypassed by the 'Green revolution' to a great extent ... Instead of urbanization, we can find rural areas with an amazing degree of overpopulation ...
- ^ Rabindra Nath Pati, National Organization for Family and Population Welfare, "Population, Family, and Culture", Ashish Publishing House, 1987, ISBN 81-7024-151-0.
- ^ Forbes India: Orissa's war over minerals. IBNLive. [1 April 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2009-07-04）.
- ^ Bihar: Caste, Politics & the Cycle of Strife. Mammen Matthew, SATP. [2008-10-19]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-26）.
- ^ Bihar caste clashes kill six. BBC. 2002-10-26 [2008-10-19]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-26）.
- ^ Smita Narula, "Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's untouchables", Human Rights Watch, 1999, ISBN 1-56432-228-9.
- ^ A. Satyanarayana, "Land, Caste and Dominance in Telangana", Centre for Contemporary Studies, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 1993.
- ^ Tulja Ram Singh, "The Madiga: A Study in Social Structure and Change", Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society, 1969.
- ^ Ajit K. Danda, "Chhattisgarh: An Area Study", Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, 1977.
- ^ Gyanendra Pandey, "Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories", Permanent Black, 2006, ISBN 81-7824-161-7.
- ^ Oliver Springate-Baginski and Piers M. Blaikie, "Forests, People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia", Earthscan, 2007, ISBN 1-84407-347-5.
- ^ Press Information Bureau. [1 April 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-19）.
- ^ 26.0 26.1 Centre to declare more districts Naxal-hit. [1 April 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-07）.
- ^ 27.0 27.1 The Union Government of India to Bring 20 More Districts in the Naxal-hit states. [1 April 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-10）.
- ^ LWE affected districts. pib.nic.in. [2017-02-14]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-10）.
- ^ 83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme. IntelliBriefs. 2009-12-11 [2015-09-17]. （原始內容存檔於2011-10-27）.
- ^ B. B. Jena and Jaya Krishna Baral, "Government and Politics in Odisha", Print House (India), 1988. Snippet:... The literacy rate of the four coastal districts is much higher than that of other districts ...
- ^ Sanjoy Chakravorty and Somik V. Lall, "Made in India: The Economic Geography and Political Economy of Industrialization", Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-568672-1. Snippet:... and Punjab are considered advanced regions, while Bihar and Odisha are considered lagging regions. With the district level data used here, it is possible to create new data driven definitions of advanced and lagging regions that are distinct from politically defined regional ...
- ^ National Family Health Survey. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra. [2008-10-18]. （原始內容存檔於2001-03-01）.
- ^ Sevanti Ninan, "Headlines from the Heartland: Reinventing the Hindi Public Sphere", Sage Publishers, 2007, ISBN 0-7619-3580-0. Snippet:... This one state (Madhya Pradesh) alone, taken together with Chhattisgarh, accounted for 17.9 percent of the total decadal decrease in illiteracy in India in the 1990s ...
- ^ Dantewada - Census-2001 At A Glance. Government of India. [2010-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2010-03-23）.
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