使用者:Dkzzl/皇后

維基百科，自由的百科全書
County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
Παλατινή Κομητεία της Κεφαλονιάς και της Ζακύνθου
Vassal state of various countries, de facto autonomous
1185－1479

County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
首府Castle of Saint George
政府
 • 類型County palatine
Count palatine 
• 1185–1195
Margaritus of Brindisi
• 1448–1479
Leonardo III Tocco
歷史時期Middle Ages
• 成立
1185
• Divided by the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice
1479
前身		 繼承
Byzantine Empire
Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands
Ottoman Empire
今屬於Greece

凱法利尼亞與扎金索斯行宮伯國是一個從屬於西西里王國的伯爵領，存在於1185-1479年。其主要土地是伊奧尼亞群島中的凱法利尼亞島和扎金索斯島，1185年，西西里國王古列爾莫二世將伯爵頭銜與土地一同賜予布林迪西的馬加里托，開始了伯國的歷史。

馬加里托之後，伯國於1195年傳到了奧爾西尼家族的一個分支手裡，他們一直統治到1325年，此後進入安茹王朝手中，1357年又被封給托科家族。奧爾西尼家族與托科家族都曾以伯國為跳板進入希臘本土，成功控制了伊庇魯斯專制國，他們還曾將萊夫卡塔島和伊薩基島納入自己的統治之下。最後托科家族面對鄂圖曼帝國的擴張逐漸失去了大陸領土，領土只剩下伯國。1479年，威尼斯和鄂圖曼帝國瓜分了伯國。

歷史[編輯]

法蘭克人（西歐人）對凱法利尼亞島、扎金索斯島與伊薩基島的征服始於西西里王國海軍統帥與官方海盜布林迪西的馬加里托的作為。作為西西里王國的諾曼人國王古列爾莫二世（1166-1189年在位）手下的私掠者，他成就頗豐[1]。1185年，諾曼軍隊自拜占庭帝國手中奪取了伊奧尼亞群島大部，古列爾莫二世將其授予馬加里托，以換取他的服役[2][3]。 in exchange for the services he had offered to the Norman.

Ten years later, in 1195, Matthew or Maio Orsini, who is generally considered a scion of the noble Roman Orsini family, succeeded Margaritus as the ruler of the Ionian Islands.[4] In order to secure his position, Matthew recognized the dominion of Venice in 1209[5] and of the Pope in 1216[6] and later of the Principality of Achaea in 1236.[7] During that same period the Orthodox bishopric of the islands was abolished, the Episcopal thrones were occupied by Latins and the feudal system was put into force.[8] The successor of Matthew, Richard, the "most noble count of the palace and lord of Cephalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca", authenticated in 1264 the estates of the Latin bishopric of Cephalonia.[9] During the reign of the latter Frankish ruler, Ithaca had become a refuge for pirates.[10]

The Orsini family did not only rule the Ionian Islands but also conquered Epirus in early 14th century, thus acquiring the title of 'the despot' as well.[11][12] Certain members of the family embraced the Orthodox dogma and married Greek women.[13] After the death of John II Orsini in 1335, the islands were occupied by the Anjou, who, as rulers of Achaea, had the islands under their suzerainty until then.[14]

The Angevin occupation lasted until 1357, when the said Greek territory was ceded to the Italian family of the Tocchi, who remained in power for over a century and secured unity in the governance of those three Ionian Islands. In 1357, Robert of Taranto ceded Cephalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca to the governor of Corfu, Leonardo I Tocco, as reward for the services he had provided when he was a captive of the King of Hungary.[15][16]

After the expansion of his dominion to Leukas, Leonardo I Tocco attempted to reinforce his position by entering into family relations with the powerful Florentine family of the Acciaiuoli.[16]

This policy gave the family of the Tocchi increased power, which reached its peak during the 15th century with its expansion to the continental coast, after Carlo I Tocco conquered Ioannina (1411)[17] and Arta (1416).[18] He received the title of despot by the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos and maintained the Byzantine tradition.[19] Seated in the islands of the Ionian Sea or in the acquisitions in Central Greece, the dynasty of the Tocchi attempted to win over the populations by ceding to the seigneurs, according to the Chronicle of the Tocco, "inheritances", "estates", "kratimata" and "pronoias". An example of this is the family Galati, who received privileges and estates from the Tocco on the island of Ithaca.[20] Following an analogous policy on the religious front, Leonardo III (1448–1479), the last of the Tocchi dynasty, reinstated the Orthodox episcopal throne of Cephalonia that had been abolished by the Orsini.[8]

Venice was not pleased with the increased influence of the Tocchi. The downfall of the duchy of the Tocchi by the Turks (1479) gave the opportunity to the Serenissima to intervene resolutely in the Ionian Sea and succeeded, through the treaty of 1484, in annexing Zakynthos and, in 1500, Cephalonia and Ithaca.[21]

Counts Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos[編輯]

奧爾西尼家族[編輯]

Angevins[編輯]

托科家族[編輯]

Coat of arms of the Tocco as counts palatine of Cephalonia (left) and rulers of Epirus (right)

引用[編輯]

  1. ^ ODB，"Ionian Sea" (T. E. Gregory), p. 1007.
  2. ^ Soustal & Koder 1981，第58, 176頁.
  3. ^ ODB，"Kephalenia" (T. E. Gregory), pp. 1122–1223.
  4. ^ Kiesewetter 2006，第339頁.
  5. ^ Miller 1908，第47頁.
  6. ^ Kiesewetter 2006，第348頁.
  7. ^ Jean Longnon L』Empire Latin de Constantinople et la Principauté de Morée, Payot, Paris 1949, p. 175
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Miller 1908，第484頁.
  9. ^ Miller 1921，第262頁.
  10. ^ Miller 1908，第157頁.
  11. ^ Nicol 2010，第82頁.
  12. ^ Polemis 1968，pp. 95 (note 2), 98–99.
  13. ^ Nicol 2010，第81-107, 107-121頁.
  14. ^ Nicol 2010，第101頁.
  15. ^ ODB，"Tocco" (A.-M. Talbot), p. 2090.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Miller 1908，第292頁.
  17. ^ Zečević 2014，第80頁.
  18. ^ Zečević 2014，第81頁.
  19. ^ Zečević 2014，第82–84頁.
  20. ^ Moraitinis-Patriarcheas, Eleutherios. Nikolaos Galatis ho Filikos. Kedros. 2002: 25–9. ISBN 960-04-2189-7. OCLC 1085554299. 
  21. ^ Setton 1978，第515頁.

來源[編輯]

Template:History of the Ionian Islands Template:Frankish and Latin Greece Template:Crusader States 座標：38°00′31″N 20°39′25″E / 38.0086°N 20.6570°E / 38.0086; 20.6570

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