拉律戰爭
| 馬來西亞历史 |
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| 历史系列条目 |
 马来西亚主题 |
拉律戰爭（英語：Larut Wars），是發生於馬來西亞拉律地區（馬來語：Larut，今霹靂州太平一帶）的一系列戰事爭端。第一場戰事始于1861年7月，並以《邦咯条约》的签署告终。戰爭起因於当地华人秘密會社争夺霹雳州拉律地區的矿区控制权的冲突，以及拉惹阿都拉（Raja Abdullah）和雅·依布拉欣（Ngah Ibrahim）间的繼承戰爭。
第一次拉律戰爭 1861–62[编辑]
1861年7月，第一次拉律戰爭爆發。有關控制矿井水源的争论升级，海山公司将義興公司赶出新吉辇 （Klian Baharu, 今甘文丁 ）。 [1][2][3][4] 海峡殖民地总督加文納干预，要求拿律土酋卡依布拉欣代表霹雳州苏丹賠償義興公司17,447美元。[5][6][7][8][9]
第二次拉律戰爭 1865[编辑]
1865年6月，因兩派結社成员间的赌博争吵，爆發第二次拉律戰爭。海山公司成员俘虏了14名義興公司成員，其中13人被杀。第14人逃跑，通知會社。義興公司展開報復，袭击海山公司村庄，夷为平地，杀死了40名男子。战鬥蔓延到威斯利省和槟城岛，其他秘密結社陸續加入战斗。双方戰至筋疲力尽，最终达成协议。在官方调查後，海山和義興，因破壞槟城和平，各被罚款5,000美元，流放领导人。[10][11][12][13]
1870年，拉律地区共有约4万名客家和粤语矿工，两组矿区相距较近。[14][15]
第三次拉律戰爭 1871-72[编辑]
1871年，爆发了第三次拉律戰爭。起因，据传，來自一件丑闻，涉及義興公司首領和海山首領鄭景貴侄子妻子的婚外情。婚外情曝光後，这对奸夫淫妇，遭到严刑拷打，浸猪笼，最終扔进废弃矿池淹死。为首领报仇，義興公司率領经槟城帶進來的4,000名中國大陸雇佣兵袭击海山，首次將海山公司赶出拉律。约一万名海山公司成員在槟城寻求庇护。几个月后，由卡依布拉欣支持的海山公司奪會了馬當（Matang）和拉律矿山。此时，1871年，苏丹阿里去世后，拉惹阿都拉 ( Raja Abdullah ) 宣稱霹雳州王位，反对在阿都拉缺席时獲任命的苏丹伊斯邁（Raja Ismail）[16]，以及 卡依布拉欣與海山公司。华裔矿工间的战争遂演變成霹雳州马来蘇丹的内战。[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]
第四次拉律战争和邦咯条约 1873–74[编辑]
| 第四次拉律战争 Perang Larut Keempat | |||||||
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| 拉律战争的一部分 | |||||||
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| 参战方 | |||||||
海山公司 霹靂卡依布拉欣 | |||||||
| 指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
陳亞炎 拉惹阿都拉 克拉爵士 |
鄭景貴 卡依布拉欣 | ||||||
1873年，距离上次战爭仅一年，第四次拉律戰爭爆發 。海山公司夺回拉律几周后，義興公司在拉惹阿都拉支持下，動用来自新加坡和中国的武器人员反击。卡依布拉欣在马当的财产被毁。当地马来居民遭杀掠。混亂蔓延到吉輦、邦咯和天定。在拉律戰爭中，始終旁觀的马来酋长震驚於华裔矿工及秘密結社造成的混乱。海峡殖民地槟城华人看到投资在拉律戰爭中遭到破坏，寻求英国干预。超过4萬名来自海山與義興的华人参与霹雳王室的繼承战争。[25][26][27][28][29]
霹雳苏丹国陷入旷日持久的继承斗争，无法维持秩序。事泰失控，對马来人、华人和英国人不利。 [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]维多利亚时代的旅行家和冒险家伊莎贝拉（Isabella Lucy Bird，1831-1904 年）在《通廣黃金克森尼索的道路》（The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither, 1892） 中陈述，拉惹阿都拉与友人陳金鐘，以及新加坡英國商人，起草了一封信给海峽殖民地總督克拉，尋求将霹雳州置于英国保护下，說“需要一位能人来展示善治。”[37] [38][39][40] 1872年9月26日，在2千名森宁會人袭击1萬2千名中山會人后，鄭景貴聯合44位華裔領袖請求英国干预。[41][42][43]
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英語维基文库中相关的原始文献： The Petition of Chung Keng Quee & 44 Others |
為恢复霹雳州法律和秩序，英国干预马来国家事务，協助邦咯条约的簽訂。 1874 年，海峡殖民地总督克拉爵士在邦咯岛召开会议，阿都拉獲得霹雳州苏丹王位，而不是竞争对手伊斯邁。 [44] [45] [46]
1874年1月20日，在邦咯岛的冥王号上，各方签署條約，以解决華人争端及苏丹继承權，并为英国居住區铺平道路──Tristram_Speedy獲任管理拉律，及協助管理英国居民. [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52]
海山公司首領鄭景貴，與義興公司首領陳亞炎，分别受封为中国甲必丹。拉律更名为太平，作为休战状态的确认。三天后，鄭景貴受任为安撫委員會成员。其他成員包含瑞天咸和必麒麟。委员会目标是，以友好方式，解决拉律锡矿争吵。 [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]
委員會决定，将太平的矿山分配给海山，将甘文丁的矿山分配给義興。[58][59]
1880年代，在太平建立了马来半岛第一座供奉何仙姑的寺庙。學者廖小菁認為建廟是战后的“和解工程”[60]，“為謀建凝塑大廣東認同的整合機制，所攜手進行的一系列文化操作的結果”[60]。许多華裔矿工来自何仙姑崇拜中心增城区。 [60]
餘波[编辑]
1875 年，新任命的英国駐紮總長James W. W. Birch在馬哈拉惹里拉命令下遭到暗杀。里拉是上霹雳州的王子和穆夫提，是马来西亚民族主义者，希望恢复英国禁止的奴隶制，或恢复霹雳州的独立，来保护自己的经济利益。在随后的霹雳战争中，英軍击败叛军，进行报复，处决里拉。因認為兩人參與暗殺行動，拉惹阿都拉和卡依布拉欣遭流放至塞舌尔。
1877年，英国任命慕扎法沙霹靂州摄政；1886年，慕扎法沙成为霹雳州新苏丹。
參見[编辑]
参考[编辑]
註腳[编辑]
- ^ Notes on the Larut Disturbances by Khoo Kay Kim, A history of Perak, Sir Richard Olof Winstedt, Richard James Wilkinson, Sir William Edward Maxwell, republished by Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1974, PPiv&v
- ^ History of Malaya, 1400-1959, Joginder Singh Jessy, Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1963, P151
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, PP78&123
- ^ The Malayan tin industry to 1914: with special reference to the states of Perak, Selangor, Negri, Sembilan, and Pahang by Lin Ken Wong, Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press, 1965, P27
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, PP79
- ^ The Western Malay States, 1850-1873: the effects of commercial development on Malay politics, Kay Kim Khoo, Oxford University Press, 1972, P129
- ^ A history of Malaya, Joseph Kennedy, Macmillan, 1970, P138
- ^ A short history of Malaya, Gerald Percy Dartford, Longmans, Green, 1963, P128
- ^ The Making of Modern South-East Asia: The European conquest, D. J. M. Tate, Oxford University Press, 1971, P276
- ^ History of Malaya, 1400-1959, Joginder Singh Jessy, Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1963, P152
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 64, MBRAS, 1991, P10
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, P79
- ^ The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U.P., 1969, P115
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 36, Part 2, MBRAS, 1968, P44
- ^ The dynamics of Chinese dialect groups in early Malaya, Lau-Fong Mak, Singapore Society of Asian Studies, 1995, P72
- ^ Ooi, Keat Gin. Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 2004: 775 [19 August 2019]. ISBN 9781576077702.
- ^ The Making of Modern South-East Asia: The European conquest, D. J. M. Tate, Oxford University Press, 1971, PP274&276
- ^ A gallery of Chinese kapitans, Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore, 1963, P72
- ^ The journals of J. W. W. Birch, first British resident to Perak, 1874-1875, James Wheeler Woodford Birch, Oxford University Press, 1976
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- ^ Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a survey of the Triad Society from 1800 to 1900, Leon Comber, Published for the Association for Asian Studies by J.J. Augustin, 1959, P158
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978 ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, P80
- ^ The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford U.P., 1969, P179
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, PP267,270
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P270,275
- ^ History of Malaya, 1400-1959Joginder Singh Jessy, Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1963, P158
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, P
- ^ The first 150 years of Singapore, Donald Moore, Joanna Moore, 1969, P361
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 64, MBRAS, 1991, P11
- ^ A History of Malaysia By Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya, Palgrave Macmillan, 1984, ISBN 0312381212, ISBN 9780312381219, P150-151
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, P80
- ^ Pasir Salak: pusat gerakan menentang British di Perak, Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali, Yayasan Perak, 1997, PP8,24
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 64, MBRAS, 1991, P13
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P279
- ^ The development of British Malaya 1896-1909, Hon-chan Chai, Oxford U.P., 1968, P5
- ^ A short history of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, Constance Mary Turnbull, Graham Brash, 1981, P134
- ^ The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither, By Isabella Bird, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 1108014739, ISBN 9781108014731, P269
- ^ Life of Lieutenant General the Honorable Sir Andrew Clarke, By Robert Hamilton Vetch, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1417951303, ISBN 9781417951307, P149
- ^ The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford U.P., 1969, P186
- ^ British Intervention in Malaya, 1867-1877Cyril Northcote Parkinson, University of Malaya Press, 1964, PP122, 255
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P276
- ^ A gallery of Chinese kapitans. Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore, 1963, P102
- ^ The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U.P., 1969, P177
- ^ Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei By Simon Richmond, Lonely Planet, 2010, ISBN 1741048877, ISBN 9781741048872, P144
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P299
- ^ Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a survey of the Triad Society from 1800 to 1900, Leon Comber, Published for the Association for Asian Studies by J.J. Augustin, 1959, P200
- ^ Nineteenth-century Malaya: the origins of British political control, Charles Donald Cowan, Oxford University Press, 1967, P184
- ^ Swettenham by Henry Sackville Barlow, Southdene, 1995, P119
- ^ Footprints in Malaya by Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham, Hutchinson, 1942, P30
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- ^ Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920 By Thomas R. Metcalf, University of California Press, 2008, ISBN 0520258053, ISBN 9780520258051, P39
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- ^ A gallery of Chinese kapitans by Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore. 1963, P78
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- ^ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Irene Liao, “拉律戰爭與何仙姑信仰在英屬馬來亞的開展” (The Larut Wars and the Beginning of the He Xiangu Cult in British Malaya), Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica 100 (2018), 47–84 (47).
延伸阅读[编辑]
- Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopaedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Edited by Keat Gin Ooi, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2004, ISBN 1576077705, ISBN 9781576077702, P775
- Ipoh: when tin was king By Ho Tak Ming, Perak Academy, 2009, ISBN 9834250029, ISBN 9789834250027, PP9&67
- Thai south and Malay north: ethnic interactions on the plural Peninsula, Michael John Montesano, Patrick Jory, NUS Press, 2008, ISBN 9971694115, ISBN 9789971694111, P208
- Fifteenth Report of the United States Civil Service Commission, Congressional edition, Volume 3826, United States Congress, US G.P.O., 1899, PP529, 530, 534
- The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9, 2003, ISBN 0852299613, ISBN 9780852299616, PP113,278
- Sir Frank Swettenham's Malayan journals, 1874-1876 by Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham, illustrated, reprint, Oxford University Press, 1975
- Nineteenth-century Malaya: the origins of British political control, Volume 11 of London oriental series, Charles Donald Cowan, Oxford University Press, 1967
- In search of Southeast Asia: a modern history, David P. Chandler, David Joel Steinberg, University of Hawaii Press, 1987, ISBN 0824811100, ISBN 9780824811105
- In quest of unity: the centralisation theme in Malaysian Federal-State relations, 1957–75, Issue 39 of Occasional paper, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Robert O. Tilman, Institute of Southeast Asian, 1976
- Monthly summary of commerce and finance of the United States, United States. Dept. of the Treasury. Bureau of Statistics, United States. Dept. of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of Statistics, United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, GPO, 1901, PP1249&1250
- The protected Malay States, 1874-1895, Emily Sadka, University of Malaya Press, 1968
- Papers on Malayan history, K. G. Tregonning, Journal South-East Asian History, 1962
- Papers on Malay subjects, Richard James Wilkinson, Oxford University Press, 1971
- A history of Perak, Issue 3 of M.B.R.A.S. reprints, Sir Richard Olof Winstedt, Richard James Wilkinson, Sir William Edward Maxwell, MBRAS, 1974
- Pickering: protector of Chinese, Robert Nicholas Jackson, Oxford U. P., 1966
- The development of the tin mining industry of Malaya, Yat Hoong Yip, University of Malaya Press, 1969
- The Malayan tin industry to 1914: with special reference to the states of Perak, Selangor, Negri, Sembilan, and Pahang, Volume 14 of Monographs of the Association for Asian Studies, Lin Ken Wong, University of Arizona Press, 1965
- The Malay States, 1877-1895: political change and social policy, Philip Fook Seng Loh, Oxford University Press, 1969