血管疾病

血管疾病
	静脉和动脉
类型	外周动脉疾病、肾动脉狭窄
診斷方法	静脉造影，超声
治療	戒烟，降低胆固醇
分类和外部资源
醫學專科	血管學
ICD-9-CM	430-458
Orphanet	68362
	[编辑此条目的维基数据]

血管疾病是人体循环系统的动脉和静脉的一类血管疾病。血管疾病是心血管疾病的一个亚组。庞大的血管网络中的疾病会导致一系列健康问题，有时会变得严重。^[1]

类型[编辑]

血管疾病可分為數種類型，症状因疾病类型而异。类型包括：^[2]

红斑性肢痛病 - 一种罕见的外周血管疾病，其症状包括灼痛、体温升高、红斑和肿胀，通常会影响手和脚。^[3]
一名77岁女性的红斑性肢痛
周边动脉疾病 - 当动脉粥样硬化斑块在为手臂和腿部供血的动脉中积聚，导致动脉变窄或阻塞时，会发生动脉粥样硬化斑块。^[4]
肾动脉狭窄 - 将血液从主动脉输送到肾脏的肾动脉变窄。^[5]
血栓闭塞性脉管炎 - 小血管发炎和肿胀，导致血管变窄或被血栓阻塞。^[6]
雷诺氏综合征 - 一种罕见的外周血管疾病，当一个人寒冷或承受压力时，会导致手指和脚趾的外周血管收缩。^[7]
弥散性血管内凝血 - 广泛激活小血管中的凝血。^[8]
脑血管疾病 - 一组影响脑功能的血管疾病。^[9]

发病机制[编辑]

血管疾病是大、中肌肉动脉的一种病理状态，由内皮细胞功能障碍引发。^[10]由于病原体等因素，氧化的低密度脂蛋白颗粒和其他炎症刺激内皮细胞变得活跃。^[11]该过程导致血管壁增厚，形成由增殖的平滑肌细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞组成的斑块。^[12]^[13]斑块导致血流受限，减少到达某些器官的氧气和营养物质的量。^[14]该斑块也可能破裂，导致凝块形成。^[15]

诊断[编辑]

由于血管疾病可引起多种症状，因此诊断血管疾病可能很复杂。回顾患者的家族史和进行体格检查是做出诊断的重要步骤。体检可能因疑似血管疾病的类型而异。例如，在外周血管疾病的情况下，体检包括检查患者腿部的血流。^[16]^[17]

治疗[编辑]

治疗因所治疗的血管疾病类型而异。在治疗肾动脉疾病方面，2014年的一项研究表明，球囊血管成形术可以改善舒张压，并可能减少抗高血压药物的需求。^[18]对于四肢动脉疾病，预防并发症的治疗很重要；未经治疗，可能会出现疮或坏疽（组织死亡）。

通常，血管疾病的治疗可能包括：^[19]

降低胆固醇水平
降低血压
降低血糖
饮食变化
增加体育锻炼
减肥
戒烟
减压

参考文献[编辑]

^ Vascular Diseases. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-11）（美国英语）.
^ Hirsch, Alan T.; Haskal, Ziv J.; Hertzer, Norman R.; Bakal, Curtis W.; Creager, Mark A.; Halperin, Jonathan L.; Hiratzka, Loren F.; Murphy, William R. C.; Olin, Jeffrey W.; Puschett, Jules B.; Rosenfield, Kenneth A. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2006-03-21, 47 (6) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 1558-3597. PMID 16545667. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.009. （原始内容存档于2022-07-12）.
^ Erythromelalgia. National Health Service. 2017-10-18 [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-12）（英国英语）.
^ Peripheral Arterial Disease. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-08）（美国英语）.
^ Renal Artery Stenosis. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-29）（美国英语）.
^ Thromboangiitis obliterans: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-27）（美国英语）.
^ Raynaud's Disease. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-08）（美国英语）.
^ Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. medlineplus.gov. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-08）（英语）.
^ Stroke. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2017-10-24 [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-11）（美国英语）.
^ Rajendran, Peramaiyan; Rengarajan, Thamaraiselvan; Thangavel, Jayakumar; Nishigaki, Yutaka; Sakthisekaran, Dhanapal; Sethi, Gautam; Nishigaki, Ikuo. The vascular endothelium and human diseases. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013, 9 (10) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 1449-2288. PMC 3831119 . PMID 24250251. doi:10.7150/ijbs.7502. （原始内容存档于2022-07-11）.
^ Bikfalvi, Andreas. Encyclopedic reference of vascular biology & pathology. Berlin: Springer. 2000. ISBN 978-3-642-57063-6. OCLC 606429154.
^ Rubin, Emanuel; Damjanov, Ivan. Pathology reviews. 1989. Clifton, New Jersey. 1989. ISBN 978-1-4612-4502-5. OCLC 889428595.
^ Gunstone, F. D.; Harwood, John L.; Dijkstra, Albert J. The Lipid Handbook with CD-ROM Third. Boca Raton, FL. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4200-0967-5. OCLC 327018169.
^ Pinna, Kathryn; Whitney, Eleanor Noss. Understanding normal and clinical nutrition 9th. Australia: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8400-6845-3. OCLC 754909676.
^ Ząbczyk, Michał; Natorska, Joanna; Undas, Anetta. Fibrin Clot Properties in Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021-07-05, 10 (13) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 8268932 . PMID 34279484. doi:10.3390/jcm10132999. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.
^ Peripheral Artery Disease - Diagnosis. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. [2022-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-09）（美国英语）.
^ Andras, Alina; Ferket, Bart. Screening for peripheral arterial disease. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014-04-07, (4). ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 24711093. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010835.pub2.
^ Jenks, Sara; Yeoh, Su Ern; Conway, Bryan R. Balloon angioplasty, with and without stenting, versus medical therapy for hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014, (12). ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7138037 . PMID 25478936. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002944.pub2.
^ Peripheral Artery Disease - Treatment. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. [2022-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-09）（美国英语）.

延伸阅读[编辑]

The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. The Lancet. 2012-08, 380 (9841). ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 3437972 . PMID 22607822. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60367-5.

外部链接[编辑]

Scholia上有關血管疾病的信息

[1] Vascular Diseases. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-11）（美国英语）.

[2] Hirsch, Alan T.; Haskal, Ziv J.; Hertzer, Norman R.; Bakal, Curtis W.; Creager, Mark A.; Halperin, Jonathan L.; Hiratzka, Loren F.; Murphy, William R. C.; Olin, Jeffrey W.; Puschett, Jules B.; Rosenfield, Kenneth A. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2006-03-21, 47 (6) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 1558-3597. PMID 16545667. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.009. （原始内容存档于2022-07-12）.

[3] Erythromelalgia. National Health Service. 2017-10-18 [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-12）（英国英语）.

[4] Peripheral Arterial Disease. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-08）（美国英语）.

[5] Renal Artery Stenosis. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-29）（美国英语）.

[6] Thromboangiitis obliterans: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-27）（美国英语）.

[7] Raynaud's Disease. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-08）（美国英语）.

[8] Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. medlineplus.gov. [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-08）（英语）.

[9] Stroke. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2017-10-24 [2022-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-11）（美国英语）.

[10] Rajendran, Peramaiyan; Rengarajan, Thamaraiselvan; Thangavel, Jayakumar; Nishigaki, Yutaka; Sakthisekaran, Dhanapal; Sethi, Gautam; Nishigaki, Ikuo. The vascular endothelium and human diseases. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013, 9 (10) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 1449-2288. PMC 3831119 . PMID 24250251. doi:10.7150/ijbs.7502. （原始内容存档于2022-07-11）.

[11] Bikfalvi, Andreas. Encyclopedic reference of vascular biology & pathology. Berlin: Springer. 2000. ISBN 978-3-642-57063-6. OCLC 606429154.

[12] Rubin, Emanuel; Damjanov, Ivan. Pathology reviews. 1989. Clifton, New Jersey. 1989. ISBN 978-1-4612-4502-5. OCLC 889428595.

[13] Gunstone, F. D.; Harwood, John L.; Dijkstra, Albert J. The Lipid Handbook with CD-ROM Third. Boca Raton, FL. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4200-0967-5. OCLC 327018169.

[14] Pinna, Kathryn; Whitney, Eleanor Noss. Understanding normal and clinical nutrition 9th. Australia: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8400-6845-3. OCLC 754909676.

[15] Ząbczyk, Michał; Natorska, Joanna; Undas, Anetta. Fibrin Clot Properties in Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021-07-05, 10 (13) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 8268932 . PMID 34279484. doi:10.3390/jcm10132999. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.

[16] Peripheral Artery Disease - Diagnosis. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. [2022-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-09）（美国英语）.

[17] Andras, Alina; Ferket, Bart. Screening for peripheral arterial disease. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014-04-07, (4). ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 24711093. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010835.pub2.

[18] Jenks, Sara; Yeoh, Su Ern; Conway, Bryan R. Balloon angioplasty, with and without stenting, versus medical therapy for hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014, (12). ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7138037 . PMID 25478936. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002944.pub2.

[19] Peripheral Artery Disease - Treatment. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. [2022-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-09）（美国英语）.

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