User:Dkzzl/皇后
| County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos Παλατινή Κομητεία της Κεφαλονιάς και της Ζακύνθου | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vassal state of various countries, de facto autonomous | |||||||||||
| 1185－1479 | |||||||||||
 County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos | |||||||||||
| 首府 | Castle of Saint George | ||||||||||
| 政府 | |||||||||||
| • 类型 | County palatine | ||||||||||
| Count palatine | |||||||||||
• 1185–1195 | Margaritus of Brindisi | ||||||||||
• 1448–1479 | Leonardo III Tocco | ||||||||||
| 歷史時期 | Middle Ages | ||||||||||
• 成立 | 1185 | ||||||||||
• Divided by the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice | 1479 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| 今属于 | Greece | ||||||||||
凯法利尼亚与扎金索斯行宫伯国是一个从属于西西里王国的伯爵领，存在于1185-1479年。其主要土地是伊奥尼亚群岛中的凯法利尼亚岛和扎金索斯岛，1185年，西西里国王古列尔莫二世将伯爵头衔与土地一同赐予布林迪西的马加里托，开始了伯国的历史。
马加里托之后，伯国于1195年传到了奥尔西尼家族的一个分支手里，他们一直统治到1325年，此后进入安茹王朝手中，1357年又被封给托科家族。奥尔西尼家族与托科家族都曾以伯国为跳板进入希腊本土，成功控制了伊庇鲁斯专制国，他们还曾将莱夫卡塔岛和伊萨基岛纳入自己的统治之下。最后托科家族面对奥斯曼帝国的扩张逐渐失去了大陆领土，领土只剩下伯国。1479年，威尼斯和奥斯曼帝国瓜分了伯国。
历史[编辑]
法兰克人（西欧人）对凯法利尼亚岛、扎金索斯岛与伊萨基岛的征服始于西西里王国海军统帅与官方海盗布林迪西的马加里托的作为。作为西西里王国的诺曼人国王古列尔莫二世（1166-1189年在位）手下的私掠者，他成就颇丰[1]。1185年，诺曼军队自拜占庭帝国手中夺取了伊奥尼亚群岛大部，古列尔莫二世将其授予马加里托，以换取他的服役[2][3]。 in exchange for the services he had offered to the Norman.
Ten years later, in 1195, Matthew or Maio Orsini, who is generally considered a scion of the noble Roman Orsini family, succeeded Margaritus as the ruler of the Ionian Islands.[4] In order to secure his position, Matthew recognized the dominion of Venice in 1209[5] and of the Pope in 1216[6] and later of the Principality of Achaea in 1236.[7] During that same period the Orthodox bishopric of the islands was abolished, the Episcopal thrones were occupied by Latins and the feudal system was put into force.[8] The successor of Matthew, Richard, the "most noble count of the palace and lord of Cephalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca", authenticated in 1264 the estates of the Latin bishopric of Cephalonia.[9] During the reign of the latter Frankish ruler, Ithaca had become a refuge for pirates.[10]
The Orsini family did not only rule the Ionian Islands but also conquered Epirus in early 14th century, thus acquiring the title of 'the despot' as well.[11][12] Certain members of the family embraced the Orthodox dogma and married Greek women.[13] After the death of John II Orsini in 1335, the islands were occupied by the Anjou, who, as rulers of Achaea, had the islands under their suzerainty until then.[14]
The Angevin occupation lasted until 1357, when the said Greek territory was ceded to the Italian family of the Tocchi, who remained in power for over a century and secured unity in the governance of those three Ionian Islands. In 1357, Robert of Taranto ceded Cephalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca to the governor of Corfu, Leonardo I Tocco, as reward for the services he had provided when he was a captive of the King of Hungary.[15][16]
After the expansion of his dominion to Leukas, Leonardo I Tocco attempted to reinforce his position by entering into family relations with the powerful Florentine family of the Acciaiuoli.[16]
This policy gave the family of the Tocchi increased power, which reached its peak during the 15th century with its expansion to the continental coast, after Carlo I Tocco conquered Ioannina (1411)[17] and Arta (1416).[18] He received the title of despot by the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos and maintained the Byzantine tradition.[19] Seated in the islands of the Ionian Sea or in the acquisitions in Central Greece, the dynasty of the Tocchi attempted to win over the populations by ceding to the seigneurs, according to the Chronicle of the Tocco, "inheritances", "estates", "kratimata" and "pronoias". An example of this is the family Galati, who received privileges and estates from the Tocco on the island of Ithaca.[20] Following an analogous policy on the religious front, Leonardo III (1448–1479), the last of the Tocchi dynasty, reinstated the Orthodox episcopal throne of Cephalonia that had been abolished by the Orsini.[8]
Venice was not pleased with the increased influence of the Tocchi. The downfall of the duchy of the Tocchi by the Turks (1479) gave the opportunity to the Serenissima to intervene resolutely in the Ionian Sea and succeeded, through the treaty of 1484, in annexing Zakynthos and, in 1500, Cephalonia and Ithaca.[21]
Counts Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos[编辑]
奥尔西尼家族[编辑]
- Matthew Orsini, 1195 – after 1238
- Richard Orsini, before 1260 – 1304
- John I Orsini, 1304–1317
- Nicholas Orsini, 1317–1323
- John II Orsini, 1323–1325
Angevins[编辑]
- John of Gravina, 1325–1336
- Robert of Taranto, 1336–1357
托科家族[编辑]
- Leonardo I Tocco, 1357–1376
- Charles I Tocco, 1376–1429
- Charles II Tocco, 1429–1448
- Leonardo III Tocco, 1448–1479
引用[编辑]
- ^ ODB，"Ionian Sea" (T. E. Gregory), p. 1007.
- ^ Soustal & Koder 1981，第58, 176頁.
- ^ ODB，"Kephalenia" (T. E. Gregory), pp. 1122–1223.
- ^ Kiesewetter 2006，第339頁.
- ^ Miller 1908，第47頁.
- ^ Kiesewetter 2006，第348頁.
- ^ Jean Longnon L’Empire Latin de Constantinople et la Principauté de Morée, Payot, Paris 1949, p. 175
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Miller 1908，第484頁.
- ^ Miller 1921，第262頁.
- ^ Miller 1908，第157頁.
- ^ Nicol 2010，第82頁.
- ^ Polemis 1968，pp. 95 (note 2), 98–99.
- ^ Nicol 2010，第81-107, 107-121頁.
- ^ Nicol 2010，第101頁.
- ^ ODB，"Tocco" (A.-M. Talbot), p. 2090.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 Miller 1908，第292頁.
- ^ Zečević 2014，第80頁.
- ^ Zečević 2014，第81頁.
- ^ Zečević 2014，第82–84頁.
- ^ Moraitinis-Patriarcheas, Eleutherios. Nikolaos Galatis ho Filikos. Kedros. 2002: 25–9. ISBN 960-04-2189-7. OCLC 1085554299.
- ^ Setton 1978，第515頁.
来源[编辑]
- 亚历山大·卡日丹 (编). 牛津拜占庭辭典. 牛津: 牛津大学出版社. 1991. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Kiesewetter, Andreas. Preludio alla Quarta Crociata? Megareites di Brindisi, Maio di Cefalonia e la signoria sulle isole ionie (1185-1250). Gherardo Ortalli; Giorgio Ravegnani; Peter Schreiner (编). Quarta Crociata. Venezia - Bisanzio - Impero latino. Atti delle giornate di studio. Venezia, 4-8 maggio 2004. Venice: Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. 2006. ISBN 8888143742 （Italian）.
- Miller, William. The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). London: John Murray. 1908. OCLC 563022439 （英语）.
- Miller, William. Essays on the Latin Orient. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1921. OCLC 457893641 （英语）.
- Nicol, Donald MacGillivray. The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9.
- Polemis, Demetrios I. The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography. London: The Athlone Press. 1968. OCLC 299868377.
- Setton, Kenneth M. The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 1978. ISBN 0-87169-127-2 （英语）.
- Soustal, Peter; Koder, Johannes. Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia. Vienna: 奧地利科學院. 1981. ISBN 978-3-7001-0399-8 （德语）.
- Zečević, Nada. The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th – 15th Centuries). Belgrade: Makart. 2014. ISBN 978-8687115118.
Template:History of the Ionian Islands Template:Frankish and Latin Greece Template:Crusader States 坐标：38°00′31″N 20°39′25″E / 38.0086°N 20.6570°E