欧洲螯龙虾

欧洲螯龙虾
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
亚门：	甲壳亚门 Crustacea
纲：	软甲纲 Malacostraca
目：	十足目 Decapoda
亚目：	腹胚亚目 Pleocyemata
科：	海螯虾科 Nephropidae
属：	螯龙虾属 Homarus
种：	欧洲螯龙虾 H. gammarus
二名法
	Homarus gammarus; (Linnaeus, 1758)
异名
	Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758; Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775; Astacus gammarus Pennant, 1777; Homarus marinus Weber, 1795; Astacus europaeus Couch, 1837; Homarus vulgaris H. Milne-Edwards, 1837;

欧洲螯龙虾（学名：Homarus gammarus）是螯龙虾属（英语：Homarus）的一种龙虾，为体型较大的甲壳类，体长可长至约60公分，重约5—6公斤，但自捕龙虾器（英语：Lobster trap）捕获的个体一般仅长23—38公分，重0.7—2.2公斤^[3]。本种生长于水深0—150米的大陆棚区域（多生长于水深浅于50米处），偏好岩石等较硬的基质，居于洞中，并于夜间外出活动，以其他海洋无脊椎动物为食^[2]。欧洲螯龙虾与同属的美洲螯龙虾外形相似且亲缘关系接近，两者在人工饲养时可以杂交^[4] 。

欧洲螯龙虾最早于1758年由林奈发表描述于《自然系统》第十版，当时被分入黄道蟹属中，名为Cancer gammarus^[5]；后来又有学者将其归入螯虾属（英语：Astacus）。1795年，弗里德里希·韦伯（英语：Friedrich Weber (entomologist)）建立新属螯龙虾属（Homarus）并以本种为模式种^[6]，正模标本是由利普克·霍尔特赫伊斯（英语：Lipke Holthuis）于1794年在瑞典外海采集，但今已不存^[2]。

欧洲螯龙虾分布于东大西洋（北至挪威北部，南至摩洛哥与亚速群岛，不包括波罗的海）、地中海与黑海西南部水域^[2]，最北的分布地点蒂斯峡湾（英语：Tysfjorden）与福尔达峡湾（英语：Folda, Nordland）已在北极圈内^[7]。本种已因地理隔离而分化出四大族群，分别分布于大西洋、挪威北部^[7]、地中海（特别是爱琴海）以及荷兰沿岸部分海域^[8]^[9]，后三者因有效族群较小，为适应当地环境已累积一定程度的遗传变异^[8]。1904年至1914年欧洲殖民者可能曾尝试将本种龙虾与其他虾蟹一起引入新西兰，但本种未在当地建立族群^[10]。

欧洲螯龙虾在欧洲被作为高级的食材^[11]，可卖得高价^[2]。十七世纪的英格兰民谣The Crabfish（英语：The Crabfish）描述的应即是本种^[12]。2008年共有近4400公吨的欧洲螯龙虾被捕获，其中近八成为在英国海域捕获^[13]。目前已有许多研究尝试以水产养殖的方式饲养欧洲螯龙虾^[14]。

参考文献[编辑]

^ Butler, M.; Cockcroft, A.; MacDiarmid, A.; Wahle, R. Homarus gammarus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011, 2011: e.T169955A69905303 [19 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T169955A69905303.en .
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Holthuis, Lipke B. Homarus gammarus. FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 13: Marine Lobsters of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125. Food and Agriculture Organization. 1991: 60 [September 30, 2010]. ISBN 92-5-103027-8. （原始内容存档于September 10, 2010）.
^ European lobster: notes on the sizes of Homarus gammarus. British Marine Life Study Society. [October 14, 2010].
^ Hauge, Marie. Unique lobster hybrid. Norwegian Institute of Marine Research（英语：Norwegian Institute of Marine Research）. May 2010 [September 30, 2010].
^ Boxshall, Geoff. Crustacean classification: on-going controversies and unresolved problems (PDF). Z.-Q. Zhang; W. A. Shear (编). Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. 2007: 313–325.
^ Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology (PDF). International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. March 31, 2010 [October 14, 2010]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于June 30, 2009）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt; Eva Farestveit; Kaare Gundersen; Knut E. Jørstad; Tore S. Kristiansen. Population characteristics of the world's northernmost stocks of European lobster (Homarus gammarus) in Tysfjord and Nordfolda, northern Norway. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 2009, 43 (1): 47–57. S2CID 84360568. doi:10.1080/00288330909509981 .
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 P. A. Prodöhl; K. E. Jørstad; A. Triantafyllidis; V. Katsares; C. Triantaphyllidis. European lobster Homarus gammarus (PDF). Genetic Impact of Aquaculture Activities on Native Populations. Norwegian Institute of Marine Research: 91–98. [September 29, 2010]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于July 24, 2011）.
^ A. Triantafyllidis; A. P. Apostolidis; V. Katsares; E. Kelly; J. Mercer; M. Hughes; K. E. Jørstad; A. Tsolou; R. Hynes; C. Triantaphyllidis. Mitochondrial DNA variation in the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) throughout the range. Marine Biology. 2005, 146 (2): 223–235. S2CID 83871032. doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1435-2.
^ G. J. Inglis; B. J. Hayden; W. A. Nelson. Are the marine biotas of island ecosystems more vulnerable to invasion?. Rob Allen; William George Lee (编). Biological Invasions in New Zealand. Volume 186 of Ecological studies. Springer Verlag. 2006: 119–135. ISBN 978-3-540-30022-9.
^ Davidson, Alan. Lobster. Mediterranean Seafood: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes 3rd. Ten Speed Press. 2002: 178. ISBN 978-1-58008-451-2.
^ Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscript: loose and humorous songs ed. Frederick J. Furnivall. London, 1868
^ Fishery Statistical Collections. Global Production. Fisheries Global Information System. Food and Agriculture Organization. [September 30, 2010].
^ Hinchcliffe, James; Agnalt, Ann‐Lisbeth; Daniels, Carly L.; Drengstig, Asbj∅rn; Lund, Ivar; McMinn, Jane; Powell, Adam. European lobster Homarus gammarus aquaculture: Technical developments, opportunities and requirements. Reviews in Aquaculture. 2022-03, 14 (2): 919–937. doi:10.1111/raq.12634.

[iucn_status_19_November_2021-1] Butler, M.; Cockcroft, A.; MacDiarmid, A.; Wahle, R. Homarus gammarus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011, 2011: e.T169955A69905303 [19 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T169955A69905303.en .

[MLW-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Holthuis, Lipke B. Homarus gammarus. FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 13: Marine Lobsters of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125. Food and Agriculture Organization. 1991: 60 [September 30, 2010]. ISBN 92-5-103027-8. （原始内容存档于September 10, 2010）.

[3] European lobster: notes on the sizes of Homarus gammarus. British Marine Life Study Society. [October 14, 2010].

[4] Hauge, Marie. Unique lobster hybrid. Norwegian Institute of Marine Research（英语：Norwegian Institute of Marine Research）. May 2010 [September 30, 2010].

[5] Boxshall, Geoff. Crustacean classification: on-going controversies and unresolved problems (PDF). Z.-Q. Zhang; W. A. Shear (编). Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. 2007: 313–325.

[6] Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology (PDF). International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. March 31, 2010 [October 14, 2010]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于June 30, 2009）.

[Fjord-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt; Eva Farestveit; Kaare Gundersen; Knut E. Jørstad; Tore S. Kristiansen. Population characteristics of the world's northernmost stocks of European lobster (Homarus gammarus) in Tysfjord and Nordfolda, northern Norway. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 2009, 43 (1): 47–57. S2CID 84360568. doi:10.1080/00288330909509981 .

[Genimpact-8] 8.0 ^8.1 P. A. Prodöhl; K. E. Jørstad; A. Triantafyllidis; V. Katsares; C. Triantaphyllidis. European lobster Homarus gammarus (PDF). Genetic Impact of Aquaculture Activities on Native Populations. Norwegian Institute of Marine Research: 91–98. [September 29, 2010]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于July 24, 2011）.

[9] A. Triantafyllidis; A. P. Apostolidis; V. Katsares; E. Kelly; J. Mercer; M. Hughes; K. E. Jørstad; A. Tsolou; R. Hynes; C. Triantaphyllidis. Mitochondrial DNA variation in the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) throughout the range. Marine Biology. 2005, 146 (2): 223–235. S2CID 83871032. doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1435-2.

[10] G. J. Inglis; B. J. Hayden; W. A. Nelson. Are the marine biotas of island ecosystems more vulnerable to invasion?. Rob Allen; William George Lee (编). Biological Invasions in New Zealand. Volume 186 of Ecological studies. Springer Verlag. 2006: 119–135. ISBN 978-3-540-30022-9.

[Davidson_Mediterranean-11] Davidson, Alan. Lobster. Mediterranean Seafood: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes 3rd. Ten Speed Press. 2002: 178. ISBN 978-1-58008-451-2.

[12] Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscript: loose and humorous songs ed. Frederick J. Furnivall. London, 1868

[13] Fishery Statistical Collections. Global Production. Fisheries Global Information System. Food and Agriculture Organization. [September 30, 2010].

[14] Hinchcliffe, James; Agnalt, Ann‐Lisbeth; Daniels, Carly L.; Drengstig, Asbj∅rn; Lund, Ivar; McMinn, Jane; Powell, Adam. European lobster Homarus gammarus aquaculture: Technical developments, opportunities and requirements. Reviews in Aquaculture. 2022-03, 14 (2): 919–937. doi:10.1111/raq.12634.

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