用户:Shangkuanlc/数位游牧工作者

维基百科，自由的百科全书

数位游牧工作者是使用远端通讯科技或技术来营生且透过在世界各地游牧的方式生活的一群人[1]这样的生活型态经常是在办公室以外的场所（例如国外、咖啡厅 、图书馆、共同工作空间、或露营车上）工作。[2][3]这经常是需要借助拥有无线网路能力的装置来达到，例如智慧型手机或行动热点（英语：MiFi）。成功的数位游牧工作者一般而言会准备财务缓冲。数位游牧社群已经开始推动多样的活动，例如游牧渡轮（暂译：Nomad Cruise）。数位游牧工作者的样貌多样，而常见的数位游牧工作者的身份可能有难民、家庭背景富裕者、年轻族群、与创业者。会以数位游牧的方式生活的人通常是因为向往这种生活方式的好处，例如财务自由以及能够允许工作地点自由选择。然而也有一些负面的原因导致人们成为数位游牧工作者，比方因失去全职工作、政治动荡、或是原居住国的生活成本过于高昂。

定义[编辑]

目前已知使用“数位游牧”一词的最早时间在1997年，出自Wiley教育出版集团所发行的一本书名。此书由Tsugio Makimoto与David Manners合写，但无法确定此词汇是此书所创、或其借用他处既存的词[4] 。数位游牧民族会使用无线网路、智慧型手机、网路通话、云端运算这类应用来在他们生活或旅游的地方远距地工作[5][6]。数位游牧工作者也会利用共同工作空间、咖啡厅、替人看家（英语：house sitting）的协议、合用办公室[7]。数位游牧运动的基础是远距工作，这样的工作方式允许人们在家或其他地方透过网路来工作[8]。数位游牧工作者可能也会为了让旅行更轻松而卖掉各种身家财产，也有人会出售或出租自己的家[9]。

数位游牧工作者喜欢在他们与业主或雇主工作的同时也维持旅行[10]。这样的生活方式可能面临诸多的挑战，例如要找到能够涵盖世界各国的国际健康保险、遵守各地不同的法律、有时要申请工作签证、长距离的情况下跟远在家乡的亲友保持情感联系[11]。其他的挑战包含时区的差异、寻找稳定的网路连线并不容易、以及在工作与休闲之间的时间难以区隔[12][8]。例如PayPal这类的金融服务在数位游牧工作者之间十分流行[4]。Skype也是人们用来做远距离语音、文字、视讯聊天的常见工具[4]。经营YouTube频道也被数位游牧工作者用来当作不用有个工作或生活的据点就可以赚取收入的方法[4]。要做一位数位游牧工作者的重要步骤，是要确保所有跟自己相关的文件（例如签证或护照）都要随时确认不能过期，否则这可能使你在外旅行时遭遇法律上的问题[13]。能够掌握要前往的国家所使用、至少任何一个官方语言也很重要，到了当地才能够跟在地居民互动。如果不会官方语言，也容易在你要去医院看病时发生危险[13]。

“所在地独立性（location independence）（英语：location independence）”一词是于2006年由Lea Woodward提出，用以描述数位游牧工作者的生活风格[4]。

概念的推广流行[编辑]

在这个词汇被创造之前就有人是符合这种生活型态的[4]。早期的“数位游牧者”是史蒂夫·罗伯兹（Steve Roberts），他在1983年便骑著电脑化的斜躺式自行车四处游历，他曾经被Popular Computing（英语：Popular Computing）杂志作为专题介绍[4]。 In 1985, a satellite system called Motosat was established, allowing greater access to the Internet.[4] Digital nomads over time gained more ability to live that lifestyle. Such advancements include Wi-Fi Internet and Internet-enabled laptops.[4] The digital nomad lifestyle is rapidly growing in popularity since 2014, when websites ranking cities by cost of living, weather and internet speed to help nomads choose where to live [14][15] and international conferences for digital nomads like DNX sprung up.[16][17][18][19] Since then the movement has coincided with the rise of remote work becoming a viable way to work, especially in technology companies in Silicon Valley. Digital nomading began to become popular with brand names in 2009. National Geographic started the "Digital Nomad blog," and Dell Computers launched a short-lived website called Digital Nomads.[4] A documentary film about the digital nomad lifestyle by Christine and Drew Gilbert, titled The Wireless Generation, earned $37,000 in funding through Kickstarter.[4] A cruise called "The Nomad Cruise" was founded in order to offer a means by which digital nomads could meet and interact.[20]

Virtually anyone can attempt to live the digital nomad life, though certain groups are more representative in the community. These groups include younger people, entrepreneurs, refugees, nomads overall, people from well to do nations, and more.[20]

流行的数位游牧工作地点[编辑]

Certain destinations are among the more popular locations for digital nomads, including Chiang Mai, Thailand and Bali due to a low cost of living and reasonably high quality of life.[21] [13][22] Other cities include Tallinn, Tarifa, and Tbilisi due to critical mass and greater acceptance of the digital nomad lifestyle as well a relatively lower cost of living. Cities that have a higher cost of living exist for digital nomads, include Singapore and Oslo.[13] Other notable movements loosely related to digital nomads rising in popularity include Vandwelling（英语：Vandwelling）. Due to the popularity, opportunities for people to live as a digital nomad in the area exist to facilitate this.[16] In the United Kingdom, certain cities such as Bristol, Birmingham, and Brighton are popular. This is due to the lower cost of living compared to London.[23] Organizations such as Innovation Birmingham exist to accommodate 90 technology companies.[23]

流行的原因[编辑]

The digital nomad lifestyle became significantly more popular in recent years due to a number of factors. Internet connectivity becoming more widespread, even to rural areas, has done a world of good to help people travel to more areas (digital nomad or otherwise).[8][20] Jobs becoming less location-dependent (such as graphic designer（英语：graphic designer）s and writers) has also contributed to the ease of digital nomading.[20] There are some negative factors as well that cause people to become digital nomads. These include political unrest in their home countries, a high cost of living where they live, the diminishing of long-term employment, and more.[20]

适法性的发展[编辑]

Many digital nomads tend to come from more developed nations with passports allowing a greater degree of freedom of travel. As a result, many tend to travel on a tourist visa. While it is technically illegal for a digital nomad to work in a country on a tourist visa, many digital nomads tend to reside in locations with a lower cost of living while working remotely on projects outside their country of residence. In most countries, as long as the nomad is discreet and is not taking a job away from a local person, the authorities will turn a blind eye to nomad work. Visa runs are also often common in the digital nomad community. Some nomads have also attempted to legalize their stay by taking up part-time jobs in teaching English as well as taking university courses in their host country. In addition, digital nomads are often using their status as permanent travelers to escape the tax liability in their home countries without, however, immigrating to the tax system of another country.[24] Nevertheless, this practice is considered controversial amongst digital nomads.

This has resulted in the creation of several programs targeted at digital nomads such as the e-Residency（英语：E-Residency of Estonia） in Estonia and a SMART visa program in Thailand. Estonia has also announced plans of a digital nomad visa, following its growing e-Residency applications.[25][26] Some digital nomads have also used Germany's residence permit for the purpose of freelance or self-employment[27] in order to legalize their stay.

知名的数位游牧工作者[编辑]

参见[编辑]

参考文献[编辑]

  1. ^ Mohn, Tanya. How To Succeed At Becoming A Digital Nomad. 
  2. ^ Digital Nomad Definition. [24 August 2016]. 
  3. ^ How to become a digital nomad. DIY DIFM. [November 19, 2017]. 
  4. ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Gilbert, Christine. A Brief History of Digital Nomading. Almost Fearless. September 6, 2013 [December 8, 2017]. 
  5. ^ Tsugio Makimoto & David Manners, Digital nomad, Wiley, 1 January 1997 
  6. ^ Mike Elgan（英语：Mike Elgan）, Is Digital Nomad Living Going Mainstream?, Computerworld, 1 August 2009 
  7. ^ Colella, Kristin. 5 'digital nomads' share their stories from around the world. TheStreet.com（英语：TheStreet.com）. 2016-07-13 [2016-07-30] （美国英语）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Nash, Caleece. Digital nomads beyond the buzzword: Defining digital nomadic work and use of digital technologies (PDF). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Feb 2018,. iConference 2018 –通过Springer. 
  9. ^ What is a digital nomad?. DIY DIFM. [August 1, 2018]. 
  10. ^ Lamarque, Hannah. The Rise of the Digital Nomad. Huffington Post. [7 August 2015]. 
  11. ^ Meggan Snedden (30 August 2013), When work is a nonstop vacation, BBC.com - Capital
  12. ^ Digital nomads travel the world while you rot in your office. Mashable. [7 August 2015]. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Traveling as a Digital Nomad. Scott's Cheap Flights. [November 23, 2017]. 
  14. ^ BBC Capital (22 November 2017), The digital nomads working in paradise, BBC
  15. ^ Anna Hart (17 May 2015), Living and working in paradise: the rise of the 'digital nomad', The Telegraph
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Hynes, Casey. Why Digital Nomads & Entrepreneurs Keep Choosing Chiang Mai. Forbes. [2017-09-20] （英语）. 
  17. ^ Steven Melendez (23 March 2015), Work From Anywhere But Home: Startups Emerge to Turn You Into a Globetrotting Digital Nomad, Fast Company
  18. ^ Rosie Spinks (16 June 2015), Meet the 'digital nomads' who travel the world in search of fast Wi-Fi, The Guardian
  19. ^ Kavi Guppta (25 February 2015), Digital Nomads Are Redefining What It Means To Be Productive, Forbes
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Binazar, Ali. My First Cruise: Learning, Friendship and Open Bar on the High Seas. Harvard.edu. November 14, 2017 [November 23, 2017]. 
  21. ^ CNN (27 June 2016), Want to escape the office? Top 10 cities for digital nomads, CNN
  22. ^ Bangkok, A Digital Nomad Hub – Moving Nomads. movingnomads.com. [2017-12-09] （英语）. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Living and working in paradise: the rise of the 'digital nomad'. The Telegraph. May 17, 2015 [December 19, 2017]. 
  24. ^ Escaping the system – My pathway to freedom of tax and bureaucracy. Liberated.blog. [2018-06-03] （美国英语）. 
  25. ^ Estonia plans its Digital Nomad Visa - Enterprise Times. Enterprise Times. 2018-02-27 [2018-03-02] （英国英语）. 
  26. ^ Estonia to Launch Digital Nomad Visa - Emerging-Europe.com. Emerging-Europe.com. 2018-03-05 [2018-03-06] （美国英语）. 
  27. ^ Residence permit for the purpose of freelance or self-employment - Issuance - Services - Dienstleistungen - Service Berlin - Berlin.de. service.berlin.de. [2018-03-02]. 

外部链接[编辑]

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