冰核

冰核，也稱為冰凍結核、冰核顆粒物（INP），是一種在大氣中充當冰晶形成核的粒子。

機制[編輯]

大氣中有許多冰核化機制，冰核可以通過這些機制催化冰粒的形成。在對流層上層，水蒸氣可以直接沉積在固體顆粒上。在溫度高於-37 °C的雲中液態水可以在過冷狀態下持續存在，冰核可以觸發液滴凍結。 ^[1]

如果冰核與過冷水滴碰撞，就會發生接觸成核作用，但更重要的凍結機制是當冰核浸入過冷水滴中然後觸發凍結。

在沒有冰核粒子的情況下，純水滴可以在過冷狀態下維持到接近−37°C，在此溫度之下開始均勻地凍結。 ^[2] ^[3] ^[4]

雲動力學[編輯]

冰粒會對雲的動力學產生重大影響。它們被認為在雲帶電並導致閃電的過程中很重要。冰粒還能夠作為雨滴的種子。研究表明，淺層雲中冰核粒子的濃度是雲-氣候反饋的關鍵因素。 ^[5] ^[6]

大氣顆粒物[編輯]

許多不同類型的大氣顆粒物可以作為冰核，包括天然的和人為的。例如：沙塵、煤煙、有機物、細菌（如丁香假單胞菌）、花粉、真菌孢子和火山灰等。 ^[1] ^[7]然而，不同類型的顆粒物確切成核潛力差異很大，具體取決於實際的大氣條件。關於這些粒子的空間分布、它們通過冰雲形成對全球氣候的總體重要性以及人類活動是否在改變這些影響方面發揮了重要作用，我們仍然知之甚少。

參見[編輯]

伯傑龍過程
雲凝結核
成核
雪
過冷

參考文獻[編輯]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 B. Murray; et al. Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets. Chem Soc Rev. 2012, 41 (19): 6519–6554. PMID 22932664. doi:10.1039/c2cs35200a. 引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「Murray2012」的<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次
^ Kulkarni G. Ice nucleation of bare and sulfuric acid-coated mineral dust particles and implication for cloud properties. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2014, 119 (16): 9993–10011 [2022-02-23]. Bibcode:2014JGRD..119.9993K. doi:10.1002/2014JD021567. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-23）.
^ Koop, T. Homogeneous ice nucleation in water and aqueous solutions. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. March 25, 2004, 218 (11): 1231–1258 [2008-04-07]. doi:10.1524/zpch.218.11.1231.50812. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-11）.
^ Murray B. Homogeneous ice nucleation in water and aqueous solutions. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2010, 12 (35): 10380–10387. Bibcode:2010PCCP...1210380M. PMID 20577704. doi:10.1039/c003297b.
^ Benjamin J. Murray; Carslaw, Kenneth S.; Field, Paul R. Opinion: Cloud-phase climate feedback and the importance of ice-nucleating particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 21 August 2020. doi:10.5194/acp-2020-852.
^ Vergara-Temprado, Jesús; Miltenberger, Annette K.; Furtado, Kalli; Grosvenor, Daniel P.; Shipway, Ben J.; Hill, Adrian A.; Wilkinson, Jonathan M.; Field, Paul R.; Murray, Benjamin J. Strong control of Southern Ocean cloud reflectivity by ice-nucleating particles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 13 March 2018, 115 (11): 2687–2692. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.2687V. PMC 5856555 . PMID 29490918. doi:10.1073/pnas.1721627115.
^ B.C.Christner. Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall. Science. 2008, 319 (5867): 1214. PMID 18309078. doi:10.1126/science.1149757.

[Murray2012-1] 1.0 ^1.1 B. Murray; et al. Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets. Chem Soc Rev. 2012, 41 (19): 6519–6554. PMID 22932664. doi:10.1039/c2cs35200a. 引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「Murray2012」的<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次

[Kulkarni2015-2] Kulkarni G. Ice nucleation of bare and sulfuric acid-coated mineral dust particles and implication for cloud properties. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2014, 119 (16): 9993–10011 [2022-02-23]. Bibcode:2014JGRD..119.9993K. doi:10.1002/2014JD021567. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-23）.

[Koop2004-3] Koop, T. Homogeneous ice nucleation in water and aqueous solutions. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. March 25, 2004, 218 (11): 1231–1258 [2008-04-07]. doi:10.1524/zpch.218.11.1231.50812. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-11）.

[Murray2010-4] Murray B. Homogeneous ice nucleation in water and aqueous solutions. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2010, 12 (35): 10380–10387. Bibcode:2010PCCP...1210380M. PMID 20577704. doi:10.1039/c003297b.

[5] Benjamin J. Murray; Carslaw, Kenneth S.; Field, Paul R. Opinion: Cloud-phase climate feedback and the importance of ice-nucleating particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 21 August 2020. doi:10.5194/acp-2020-852.

[6] Vergara-Temprado, Jesús; Miltenberger, Annette K.; Furtado, Kalli; Grosvenor, Daniel P.; Shipway, Ben J.; Hill, Adrian A.; Wilkinson, Jonathan M.; Field, Paul R.; Murray, Benjamin J. Strong control of Southern Ocean cloud reflectivity by ice-nucleating particles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 13 March 2018, 115 (11): 2687–2692. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.2687V. PMC 5856555 . PMID 29490918. doi:10.1073/pnas.1721627115.

[pmid18309078-7] B.C.Christner. Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall. Science. 2008, 319 (5867): 1214. PMID 18309078. doi:10.1126/science.1149757.

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