美國猶太人

美國猶太人
American Jews
美國猶太人; American Jews
總人口
	核心猶太人口：; 5,425,000 （2012年）; 擴大的猶太人口（含猶太人的非猶太裔親屬）; 6,721,680 （2012年）
分佈地區
	紐約、洛杉磯、費城、休士頓、芝加哥
語言
	英語 · 俄語 · 希伯來語 · 意地緒語

美國猶太人（英語：American Jews）為具有猶太信仰或猶太血統的美國人。美國猶太社群體現了廣泛的猶太文化傳統，包括全方位的猶太宗教儀式。

根據宗教定義和不同的人口數據，美國擁有世界上最大或第二大的猶太社群，僅次於以色列。2012年，美國猶太人口估計在550萬至800萬之間，具體取決於該術語的定義，占美國總人口的1.7％至2.6％。^[9]

族群[編輯]

目前美國的猶太人主要為阿什肯納茲猶太人的後裔，其他少數猶太族群，如塞法迪猶太人及米茲拉希猶太人及轉變信仰為猶太教者亦為美國猶太人的一部分。美國猶太人族群通常保持著猶太裔的文化傳統，並遵守猶太教的戒律。

根據宗教統計原則的差異或人口移動的因素，美國是世界猶太族群第一大（或因統計準則差異為第二大）猶太聚集地區。美國猶太人的人口約為5,128,000，占2007年美國人口的1.7%。^[10]^[11]若考慮在文化上認同猶太文化但不一定信仰猶太教的人數，美國猶太人的人數為6,489,000，占2008年統計人數的2.2%。^[12]與之相比，以色列國中央統計局宣布的國內猶太人口總數在2009年為5,664,000，占以色列人口的75.4%。^[13]

政治[編輯]

大多數的美國猶太人是民主黨的支持者，投票給民主黨的猶太人約70%至80%，僅次於非洲裔美國人及拉美裔美國人。另外約一至兩成保守的正教猶太教和支持以色列的猶太人則支持共和黨。近年由於美國的外交政策逐漸平衡，特別是民主黨改變立場不再偏袒以色列，使堅定支持以色列的共和黨增加支持的可能性。

尤其以唐納·川普總統為近期最為代表的一位，他主張強化以美關係，並且為以色列做了多項貢獻包含軍事方面。但是一部分行為存在者巨大爭議。例如：美國承認耶路撒冷為首都、承認以色列對戈蘭高地的主權。

宗教[編輯]

美國猶太人對信仰不熱衷，與美國天主教徒和新教徒相信上帝的比例相比，明顯較低。2003年的統計數字，指美國全國信仰上帝的有79%，猶太人則只有48%。近年不少猶太人信奉佛教，佔美國佛教徒比例約30%，但在文化上仍有猶太傳統。

分布[編輯]

地點上的分布[編輯]

**主要猶太裔分布城市**
世界猶太人大會排名^[14]	宗教數據協會檔案排名^[15]	都市區	猶太人數量（世界猶太人大會）	猶太人數量（ASARB）
1	1	紐約都會區	1,750,000	2,028,200
2	3	邁阿密	535,000	337,000
3	2	大洛杉磯地區	490,000	662,450
4	4	費城	254,000	285,950
5	6	芝加哥	248,000	265,400
6	8	舊金山灣區	210,000	218,700
7	7	大波士頓	208,000	261,100
8	5	巴爾的摩-華盛頓	165,000	276,445

州分[編輯]

地區	美國猶太人 (2015)^[16]	百分比^[a]
阿拉巴馬州	8,800	0.18%
阿拉斯加州	6,175	0.84%
亞利桑那州	106,300	1.58%
阿肯色州	1,725	0.06%
加利福尼亞州	1,232,690	3.18%
科羅拉多州	103,020	1.92%
康乃狄克州	117,850	3.28%
德拉瓦州	15,100	1.61%
華盛頓哥倫比亞特區	28,000	4.25%
佛羅里達州	651,510	3.28%
喬治亞州	128,420	1.27%
夏威夷州	7,280	0.51%
愛達荷州	2,225	0.14%
伊利諾州	297,435	2.31%
印第安納州	17,220	0.26%
愛荷華州	6,170	0.20%
堪薩斯州	17,425	0.60%
肯塔基州	11,300	0.26%
路易斯安那州	10,675	0.23%
緬因州	13,890	1.04%
馬里蘭州	238,200	3.99%
麻薩諸塞州	274,680	4.07%
密西根州	83,155	0.84%
明尼蘇達州	45,750	0.84%
密西西比州	1,575	0.05%
密蘇里州	64,275	1.06%
蒙大拿州	1,350	0.13%
內布拉斯加州	6,150	0.33%
內華達州	76,300	2.69%
新罕布夏州	10,120	0.76%
紐澤西州	523,950	5.86%
新墨西哥州	12,725	0.61%
紐約州	1,759,570	8.91%
北卡羅來納州	35,435	0.36%
北達科他州	400	0.05%
俄亥俄州	147,715	1.27%
奧克拉荷馬州	4,625	0.12%
奧勒岡州	40,650	1.02%
賓夕法尼亞州	293,240	2.29%
羅德島州	18,750	1.78%
南卡羅來納州	13,820	0.29%
南達科他州	250	0.03%
田納西州	19,600	0.30%
德克薩斯州	158,505	0.59%
猶他州	5,650	0.19%
佛蒙特州	5,985	0.96%
維吉尼亞州	95,695	1.15%
華盛頓州	72,085	1.02%
西維吉尼亞州	2,310	0.12%
威斯康辛州	33,055	0.57%
懷俄明州	1,150	0.20%
總計	6,829,930	2.14%

注釋[編輯]

^ Percentage of the state population that identifies itself as Jewish.

參考文獻[編輯]

^ Jewish Population in the United States * (1654 - 2012). Jewish Virtual Library. [2013-04-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-01-13）.
^ Aaron Kalman. Global Jewish population grows by 88,000 over past year. Times of Israel. September 9, 2012 [2013-04-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-10）.
^ Jewish population here is defined as the Enlarged Jewish Population. The Enlarged population includes: (A) Core Population - Those Jews who were either born to Jewish parents or converted to Judaism. (B) Other Persons of Jewish Parentage - Jewish fathers or grandfathers; non-Jews with Jewish backgrounds (C) Respective non-Jewish households members
^ Jewish Population in the United States, 2012 (PDF). Jewish Data Bank: 23. [2013-04-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013-05-01）.
^ Naomi Zeveloff. U.S. Jewish Population Pegged at 6 Million. Forward. January 17, 2012 [February 5, 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-07）.
^ American Jewish Year Book 2012 - Google Books. [2013-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-12）.
^ US Jewish Population is Anywhere Between 5.425 Million and 6.722 Million - Gestetner Updates | Gestetner Updates 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-02-20.
^ Unity of Nobility - News for White Europeans » Israel says 6.722 million Jews in America, they love 6,000,000 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-06-14.
^
6,700,000–6,829,930 according to:
- Arnold Dashefsky; Ira M. Sheskin. American Jewish Year Book 2015: The Annual Record of the North American Jewish Communities. Springer. 3 February 2016: 175–. ISBN 978-3-319-24505-8.
- A portrait of Jewish Americans Chapter 1: Population Estimates. Pew Research Center. 1 October 2013 [7 October 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-20）. Combining 5.3 million adult Jews (the estimated size of the net Jewish population in this survey) with 1.3 million children (in households with a Jewish adult who are being raised Jewish or partly Jewish) yields a total estimate of 6.7 million Jews of all ages in the United States (rounded to the nearest 100,000)
An Estimate of 7,160,000 according to:
- American Jewish Population Project （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (2015), Steinhardt Social Research Institute, Brandeis University
Enlarged population of 8,000,000–10,000,000 according to:
- DellaPergola, Sergio. World Jewish Population, 2015 (PDF) (報告). Berman Jewish DataBank. 2015 [23 May 2019]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-09-14）.
^ US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract 2009, Table 74. For persons 18 years or older, based on the Religious Landscape Survey, a survey conducted in the summer of 2007. (The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, Washington, DC, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey; released February 2008.), census.org 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2011-06-28.
^ US Census Bureau, USA Statistics in Brief—Population by Sex and Age, 2007. 存档副本. [2013-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2009-05-15）.
^ US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract 2009, Table 76, Christian Church Adherents, 2000, and Jewish Population, 2008— States. The Jewish population includes Jews who define themselves as Jewish by religion as well as those who define themselves as Jewish in cultural terms. Data on Jewish population are based primarily on a compilation of individual estimates made by local Jewish federations (as reported in the American Jewish Yearbook). census.gov （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2008, Table 2.2. cbs.gov.il （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ The Largest Jewish Communities. adherents.com. [November 8, 2008]. （原始內容存檔於October 16, 2008）.
^ Judaism (estimated) Metro Areas (2000). The Association of Religion Data Archives. [December 1, 2009]. （原始內容存檔於2009年11月23日）.
^ Ira Sheskin, Arnold Dashefsky. Berman Jewish DataBank: Jewish Population in the United States, 2015 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Page 15. Retrieved September 18, 2016 – select state from drop-down menu

參見[編輯]

[17] Percentage of the state population that identifies itself as Jewish.

[1] Jewish Population in the United States * (1654 - 2012). Jewish Virtual Library. [2013-04-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-01-13）.

[2] Aaron Kalman. Global Jewish population grows by 88,000 over past year. Times of Israel. September 9, 2012 [2013-04-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-10）.

[3] Jewish population here is defined as the Enlarged Jewish Population. The Enlarged population includes: (A) Core Population - Those Jews who were either born to Jewish parents or converted to Judaism. (B) Other Persons of Jewish Parentage - Jewish fathers or grandfathers; non-Jews with Jewish backgrounds (C) Respective non-Jewish households members

[4] Jewish Population in the United States, 2012 (PDF). Jewish Data Bank: 23. [2013-04-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013-05-01）.

[5] Naomi Zeveloff. U.S. Jewish Population Pegged at 6 Million. Forward. January 17, 2012 [February 5, 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-07）.

[6] American Jewish Year Book 2012 - Google Books. [2013-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-12）.

[7] US Jewish Population is Anywhere Between 5.425 Million and 6.722 Million - Gestetner Updates | Gestetner Updates 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-02-20.

[8] Unity of Nobility - News for White Europeans » Israel says 6.722 million Jews in America, they love 6,000,000 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-06-14.

[Jewish_American_Population-9] 6,700,000–6,829,930 according to:
Arnold Dashefsky; Ira M. Sheskin. American Jewish Year Book 2015: The Annual Record of the North American Jewish Communities. Springer. 3 February 2016: 175–. ISBN 978-3-319-24505-8.

A portrait of Jewish Americans Chapter 1: Population Estimates. Pew Research Center. 1 October 2013 [7 October 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-20）. Combining 5.3 million adult Jews (the estimated size of the net Jewish population in this survey) with 1.3 million children (in households with a Jewish adult who are being raised Jewish or partly Jewish) yields a total estimate of 6.7 million Jews of all ages in the United States (rounded to the nearest 100,000)
An Estimate of 7,160,000 according to:
American Jewish Population Project （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (2015), Steinhardt Social Research Institute, Brandeis University
Enlarged population of 8,000,000–10,000,000 according to:
DellaPergola, Sergio. World Jewish Population, 2015 (PDF) (報告). Berman Jewish DataBank. 2015 [23 May 2019]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-09-14）.

[11] Arnold Dashefsky; Ira M. Sheskin. American Jewish Year Book 2015: The Annual Record of the North American Jewish Communities. Springer. 3 February 2016: 175–. ISBN 978-3-319-24505-8.

[12] A portrait of Jewish Americans Chapter 1: Population Estimates. Pew Research Center. 1 October 2013 [7 October 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-20）. Combining 5.3 million adult Jews (the estimated size of the net Jewish population in this survey) with 1.3 million children (in households with a Jewish adult who are being raised Jewish or partly Jewish) yields a total estimate of 6.7 million Jews of all ages in the United States (rounded to the nearest 100,000)

[13] American Jewish Population Project （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (2015), Steinhardt Social Research Institute, Brandeis University

[14] DellaPergola, Sergio. World Jewish Population, 2015 (PDF) (報告). Berman Jewish DataBank. 2015 [23 May 2019]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-09-14）.

[10] US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract 2009, Table 74. For persons 18 years or older, based on the Religious Landscape Survey, a survey conducted in the summer of 2007. (The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, Washington, DC, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey; released February 2008.), census.org 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2011-06-28.

[11] US Census Bureau, USA Statistics in Brief—Population by Sex and Age, 2007. 存档副本. [2013-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2009-05-15）.

[12] US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract 2009, Table 76, Christian Church Adherents, 2000, and Jewish Population, 2008— States. The Jewish population includes Jews who define themselves as Jewish by religion as well as those who define themselves as Jewish in cultural terms. Data on Jewish population are based primarily on a compilation of individual estimates made by local Jewish federations (as reported in the American Jewish Yearbook). census.gov （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[13] Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2008, Table 2.2. cbs.gov.il （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[metroareas-14] The Largest Jewish Communities. adherents.com. [November 8, 2008]. （原始內容存檔於October 16, 2008）.

[asarb-15] Judaism (estimated) Metro Areas (2000). The Association of Religion Data Archives. [December 1, 2009]. （原始內容存檔於2009年11月23日）.

[Sheskin_and_Dashefsky-16] Ira Sheskin, Arnold Dashefsky. Berman Jewish DataBank: Jewish Population in the United States, 2015 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Page 15. Retrieved September 18, 2016 – select state from drop-down menu

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