俄亥俄州州徽

俄亥俄州州徽
細節
使用者	俄亥俄州
啟用	1996年（现版本）
之前版本	多个，最早始于1803年

俄亥俄州州徽（英語：Seal of Ohio），是美国俄亥俄州的官方徽章。俄亥俄州的各政府办公室、机构和法院使用的州印章细节上都略有不同，但都基于一些共同的特征，即圆形纹章，上面绘有俄亥俄州首个州府奇利科西的日出景色。

设计[编辑]

俄亥俄州修订法典（Ohio Revised Code）中定义了州徽的设计，州徽当中的圆形纹章的设计为：^[1]

圆形盾徽。盾徽的右侧前景为一捆立起来的小麦；盾徽的左侧前景为一束十七支箭，形似一捆小麦；背景为从阿德纳博物馆视角看到的罗斯县洛根山；在山上，太阳已经升起了四分之三，放射出十三道光线，代表着原十三殖民地照耀着西北领地的第一个州，放射的光线连接到盾徽上半圆的边缘。在背景和前景中间为耕地和赛欧托河。
——俄亥俄州修订法典第5.04节

此外，当使用彩色版本的州徽时，所使用的颜色应与州徽中的地形和物体的自然颜色基本相同。

历史[编辑]

俄亥俄州州徽在历史上至少被重新设计了十次。^[2]在1805年到1866年间，都没有明确定义的州徽。^[3]

西北领地时期[编辑]

在俄亥俄州建州之前，西北领地政府有自己的徽章。美国国务院为其设计了徽章以用于官方文件^[4]徽章上刻有拉丁文铭文Meliorem lapsa locavit，意为种下的树胜过倒下的树，用以纪念蛮荒为文明让路。^[5]

首个设计[编辑]

俄亥俄州第一部宪法于1802年11月29日通过并于次年3月1日生效，宪法指出要有正式的州徽，但没有写明设计方案。^[3]时任州務卿小威廉·克赖顿（William Creighton Jr.）在官方文件中使用了其个人徽章。^[6]1803年，在俄亥俄州议会的第一届会议上，根据小威廉·克赖顿的草图描述了州徽的设计，包括了前景的小麦捆、箭束、背景的山上日出等元素。^[7]

无标准时期[编辑]

1847年州徽，后置于建成的俄亥俄州議會大廈天窗上^[8]

聖迭戈縣法院中彩色玻璃州徽，1866版设计

1805年的法案沿用了先前1803年法案中对徽章的描述，该法案在1831年被废除，但新法案制定时忽视了徽章的设计，导致接下来出现了一系列不同的徽章。^[9]^[10]有的徽章上开始使用多个山峰以代替原先的单个山峰作为背景，有的则添加了航行于运河上的平底船元素。^[11]在1860年代的版本中，箭束被艺术化地悬空于运河之上。^[3]

1865年，时任州務卿威廉·亨利·史密斯（William Henry Smith）要求对州徽加以规范化，他发现其他州的州徽更大更精美，还刻有格言。1866年4月6日，俄亥俄州共和党大会提出了州徽新方案，将尺寸从2英寸增加到2.5英寸，左侧前景为铁匠，右侧前景为农夫，增加汽船、火车等元素，底部添加格言Imperium in Imperio，意味执政政府。然而在南北战争导致州权受影响的背景之下，这条格言是有争议的。^[12]此外更大更复杂的设计也导致了预算超支。1868年俄亥俄州民主党推翻了共和党的该设计方案，并重新使用1803年的设计。^[3]尽管如此，1866年的州徽依然在美国各地继续使用了数十年。^[13]^[14]

标准化[编辑]

1967年，辛辛那提的室内设计师Robert Greiwe受委托在俄亥俄州议会大厦圆形大厅顶上绘制州徽，其发现了州徽存在多个版本的问题。于是俄亥俄州众议院议员Ralph B. Kohnen和Myrl Shoemaker开始推动州徽的标准化。^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]河流和十七道的阳光被加入设计中。

在1996年的修改版本中，十七道阳光被减少至十三道，用以象征原十三殖民地照耀着西北领地的第一个州。^[19]俄亥俄州为加入联邦的第17个州已经被十七支箭所象征，原十七道阳光有重复的象征意义。^[20]

使用[编辑]

俄亥俄州的88个县中的每一个县都有基于州徽的公章。政府各个部门的徽章设计也略有不同。

州长徽章
副州长徽章
俄亥俄州众议院徽章
俄亥俄州参议院徽章
参议院主席名单徽章
州最高法院徽章
州務卿徽章
州检察长（Attorney General）徽章
州财务主管（State Treasurer）徽章
州审计长（State Auditor）徽章
州监察长（Inspector General）徽章
州农业部徽章
机动车管理局徽章
州商业部徽章
州税务部徽章
西班牙裔和拉丁裔事务委员会徽章
预算和管理办公室徽章
选举委员会徽章
道德委员会徽章
民权委员会徽章
消费者法律顾问徽章
公設辯護人徽章
医学委员会徽章

参考文献[编辑]

^ Section 5.04 State coat of arms. Chapter 5 State Insignia; Seals; Holidays. Ohio's Official Online Publication of State Laws and Regulations. [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.
^ Rotunda. The Ohio Statehouse. Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board. 2005-12-20 [2007-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-29）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Sloane, Rush R. The Organization and Admission of Ohio into the Union and the Great Seal of the State. Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration at Chillicothe, May 20–21, 1903, under the auspices of the Ohio State Archælogical and Historical Society: complete proceedings. Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration. Chillicothe, Ohio: Ohio History Connection: 90–119. 1903. LCCN 04018527. OCLC 855752 –通过Internet Archive.
^ Bennett, Pamela J.; January, Alan. Indiana's State Seal—An Overview. Indiana Historical Bureau. January 21, 2005 [2008-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-19）.
^ Reinke, Edgar C. Meliorem Lapsa Locavit: An Intriguing Puzzle Solved. Ohio History: 74. ^{[永久失效連結]} says the young tree on the seal is an apple tree, while Summers, Thomas J. History of Marietta. Marietta, Ohio: Leader Publishing. 1903: 115. says it is a buckeye and perhaps the genesis of Ohio's nickname.
^ Galbreath, Charles Burleigh. Seals and Ohio flag. Monthly Bulletins of the Ohio State Library (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners). 1902, 2 (4): 1–5 [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14） –通过Google Books.
^ An act designating the duties of the secretary of state. Acts of the State of Ohio: first session of the General Assembly, held under the Constitution of the State. Norwalk, Ohio: The Lansing Company. 1901: 17–18 [1803] [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.
^ Johnson, Alan. School kids' fund-raising brings Great Seal back to Statehouse. The Columbus Dispatch. October 4, 1995: 1B. ISSN 1074-097X. ProQuest 394260548.
^ Swan, J. R. (编). Secretary of State. Statutes of the State of Ohio, of a general nature, in force, December 7, 1840. Columbus, Ohio: Samuel Medary. 1841: 850 [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.
^ From A Territory To the State of Ohio: Student Activities to Understand the Transition (PDF). Museums and Interpretation Division, Ohio Historical Society. 2005-08-22 [2010-10-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-13）.
^ Smith, William Henry. Report of the Secretary of State. Columbus, Ohio. November 25, 1865: 435–441 [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.
^ Great Seal of Ohio. Ohio History: 392–393.
^ Gilkey, Elliot Howard. The Ohio Hundred Year Book: A Hand-book of the Public Men and Public Institutions of Ohio from the Formation of the North-West Territory (1787) to July 1, 1901. Columbus, Ohio: Fred J. Heer, State Printer. 1901: 762.
^ Ohio. A Tribute To San Diego County Courts Of The Past. San Diego County Superior Court. [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-30）.
^ Whipple, Edson. General Assembly Solved Ohio's Great Seal Dispute, Or Did It?. The Blade (Toledo, Ohio). October 15, 1967: A2 [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14） –通过Google News.
^ Card catalog entry （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） for Greiwe Interiors Records, 1888–1975 (bulk 1888–1940, 1965–1968), Mss BC 011, Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center. OCLC 35652520.
^ Dominic, Anthony. Secret Columbus: Insider's Tour of the Ohio Statehouse. Columbus Monthly (Dispatch Printing Company). October 2014 [January 19, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-22）.
^ Ohio's Great Seal Still Unofficial. The Daily Reporter (Dover, Ohio). Associated Press. September 12, 1967: 3 [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.
^ FINAL Legislative Status Sheet - 121st GA (PDF). Ohio Legislative Service Commission. 1996-12-31 [2010-10-17]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-14）. [SB 213] Great Seal/Coat of Arms-change-13 rays
^ Sunlight and the seal. editorial. The Cincinnati Post (E. W. Scripps Company). August 24, 1996 [January 11, 2015]. （原始内容存档于March 29, 2015） –通过HighBeam Research.

[1] Section 5.04 State coat of arms. Chapter 5 State Insignia; Seals; Holidays. Ohio's Official Online Publication of State Laws and Regulations. [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.

[Statehouse_rotunda-2] Rotunda. The Ohio Statehouse. Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board. 2005-12-20 [2007-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-29）.

[Sloane-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Sloane, Rush R. The Organization and Admission of Ohio into the Union and the Great Seal of the State. Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration at Chillicothe, May 20–21, 1903, under the auspices of the Ohio State Archælogical and Historical Society: complete proceedings. Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration. Chillicothe, Ohio: Ohio History Connection: 90–119. 1903. LCCN 04018527. OCLC 855752 –通过Internet Archive.

[Bennett-4] Bennett, Pamela J.; January, Alan. Indiana's State Seal—An Overview. Indiana Historical Bureau. January 21, 2005 [2008-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-19）.

[Reinke-5] Reinke, Edgar C. Meliorem Lapsa Locavit: An Intriguing Puzzle Solved. Ohio History: 74. ^{[永久失效連結]} says the young tree on the seal is an apple tree, while Summers, Thomas J. History of Marietta. Marietta, Ohio: Leader Publishing. 1903: 115. says it is a buckeye and perhaps the genesis of Ohio's nickname.

[Galbreath-6] Galbreath, Charles Burleigh. Seals and Ohio flag. Monthly Bulletins of the Ohio State Library (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners). 1902, 2 (4): 1–5 [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14） –通过Google Books.

[7] An act designating the duties of the secretary of state. Acts of the State of Ohio: first session of the General Assembly, held under the Constitution of the State. Norwalk, Ohio: The Lansing Company. 1901: 17–18 [1803] [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.

[Dispatch_Johnson-8] Johnson, Alan. School kids' fund-raising brings Great Seal back to Statehouse. The Columbus Dispatch. October 4, 1995: 1B. ISSN 1074-097X. ProQuest 394260548.

[9] Swan, J. R. (编). Secretary of State. Statutes of the State of Ohio, of a general nature, in force, December 7, 1840. Columbus, Ohio: Samuel Medary. 1841: 850 [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.

[05td-10] From A Territory To the State of Ohio: Student Activities to Understand the Transition (PDF). Museums and Interpretation Division, Ohio Historical Society. 2005-08-22 [2010-10-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-13）.

[Smith-11] Smith, William Henry. Report of the Secretary of State. Columbus, Ohio. November 25, 1865: 435–441 [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.

[OHHist_seal-12] Great Seal of Ohio. Ohio History: 392–393.

[Gilkey-13] Gilkey, Elliot Howard. The Ohio Hundred Year Book: A Hand-book of the Public Men and Public Institutions of Ohio from the Formation of the North-West Territory (1787) to July 1, 1901. Columbus, Ohio: Fred J. Heer, State Printer. 1901: 762.

[14] Ohio. A Tribute To San Diego County Courts Of The Past. San Diego County Superior Court. [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-30）.

[Blade_Whipple-15] Whipple, Edson. General Assembly Solved Ohio's Great Seal Dispute, Or Did It?. The Blade (Toledo, Ohio). October 15, 1967: A2 [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14） –通过Google News.

[16] Card catalog entry （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） for Greiwe Interiors Records, 1888–1975 (bulk 1888–1940, 1965–1968), Mss BC 011, Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center. OCLC 35652520.

[17] Dominic, Anthony. Secret Columbus: Insider's Tour of the Ohio Statehouse. Columbus Monthly (Dispatch Printing Company). October 2014 [January 19, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-22）.

[DoverDR-18] Ohio's Great Seal Still Unofficial. The Daily Reporter (Dover, Ohio). Associated Press. September 12, 1967: 3 [2022-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.

[121_legislative_status-19] FINAL Legislative Status Sheet - 121st GA (PDF). Ohio Legislative Service Commission. 1996-12-31 [2010-10-17]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-14）. [SB 213] Great Seal/Coat of Arms-change-13 rays

[Post_sunlight-20] Sunlight and the seal. editorial. The Cincinnati Post (E. W. Scripps Company). August 24, 1996 [January 11, 2015]. （原始内容存档于March 29, 2015） –通过HighBeam Research.

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