俄亥俄州州徽

俄亥俄州州徽
細節
使用者	俄亥俄州
啟用	1996年（現版本）
之前版本	多個，最早始於1803年

俄亥俄州州徽（英語：Seal of Ohio），是美國俄亥俄州的官方徽章。俄亥俄州的各政府辦公室、機構和法院使用的州印章細節上都略有不同，但都基於一些共同的特徵，即圓形紋章，上面繪有俄亥俄州首個州府奇利科西的日出景色。

設計[編輯]

俄亥俄州修訂法典（Ohio Revised Code）中定義了州徽的設計，州徽當中的圓形紋章的設計為：^[1]

圓形盾徽。盾徽的右側前景為一捆立起來的小麥；盾徽的左側前景為一束十七支箭，形似一捆小麥；背景為從阿德納博物館視角看到的羅斯縣洛根山；在山上，太陽已經升起了四分之三，放射出十三道光線，代表著原十三殖民地照耀著西北領地的第一個州，放射的光線連接到盾徽上半圓的邊緣。在背景和前景中間為耕地和賽歐托河。
——俄亥俄州修訂法典第5.04節

此外，當使用彩色版本的州徽時，所使用的顏色應與州徽中的地形和物體的自然顏色基本相同。

歷史[編輯]

俄亥俄州州徽在歷史上至少被重新設計了十次。^[2]在1805年到1866年間，都沒有明確定義的州徽。^[3]

西北領地時期[編輯]

在俄亥俄州建州之前，西北領地政府有自己的徽章。美國國務院為其設計了徽章以用於官方文件^[4]徽章上刻有拉丁文銘文Meliorem lapsa locavit，意為種下的樹勝過倒下的樹，用以紀念蠻荒為文明讓路。^[5]

首個設計[編輯]

俄亥俄州第一部憲法於1802年11月29日通過並於次年3月1日生效，憲法指出要有正式的州徽，但沒有寫明設計方案。^[3]時任州務卿小威廉·克賴頓（William Creighton Jr.）在官方文件中使用了其個人徽章。^[6]1803年，在俄亥俄州議會的第一屆會議上，根據小威廉·克賴頓的草圖描述了州徽的設計，包括了前景的小麥捆、箭束、背景的山上日出等元素。^[7]

無標準時期[編輯]

1847年州徽，後置於建成的俄亥俄州議會大廈天窗上^[8]

聖迭戈縣法院中彩色玻璃州徽，1866版設計

1805年的法案沿用了先前1803年法案中對徽章的描述，該法案在1831年被廢除，但新法案制定時忽視了徽章的設計，導致接下來出現了一系列不同的徽章。^[9]^[10]有的徽章上開始使用多個山峰以代替原先的單個山峰作為背景，有的則添加了航行於運河上的平底船元素。^[11]在1860年代的版本中，箭束被藝術化地懸空於運河之上。^[3]

1865年，時任州務卿威廉·亨利·史密斯（William Henry Smith）要求對州徽加以規範化，他發現其他州的州徽更大更精美，還刻有格言。1866年4月6日，俄亥俄州共和黨大會提出了州徽新方案，將尺寸從2英寸增加到2.5英寸，左側前景為鐵匠，右側前景為農夫，增加汽船、火車等元素，底部添加格言Imperium in Imperio，意味執政政府。然而在南北戰爭導致州權受影響的背景之下，這條格言是有爭議的。^[12]此外更大更複雜的設計也導致了預算超支。1868年俄亥俄州民主黨推翻了共和黨的該設計方案，並重新使用1803年的設計。^[3]儘管如此，1866年的州徽依然在美國各地繼續使用了數十年。^[13]^[14]

標準化[編輯]

1967年，辛辛那提的室內設計師Robert Greiwe受委託在俄亥俄州議會大廈圓形大廳頂上繪製州徽，其發現了州徽存在多個版本的問題。於是俄亥俄州眾議院議員Ralph B. Kohnen和Myrl Shoemaker開始推動州徽的標準化。^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]河流和十七道的陽光被加入設計中。

在1996年的修改版本中，十七道陽光被減少至十三道，用以象徵原十三殖民地照耀著西北領地的第一個州。^[19]俄亥俄州為加入聯邦的第17個州已經被十七支箭所象徵，原十七道陽光有重複的象徵意義。^[20]

使用[編輯]

俄亥俄州的88個縣中的每一個縣都有基於州徽的公章。政府各個部門的徽章設計也略有不同。

州長徽章
副州長徽章
俄亥俄州眾議院徽章
俄亥俄州參議院徽章
參議院主席名單徽章
州最高法院徽章
州務卿徽章
州檢察長（Attorney General）徽章
州財務主管（State Treasurer）徽章
州審計長（State Auditor）徽章
州監察長（Inspector General）徽章
州農業部徽章
機動車管理局徽章
州商業部徽章
州稅務部徽章
西班牙裔和拉丁裔事務委員會徽章
預算和管理辦公室徽章
選舉委員會徽章
道德委員會徽章
民權委員會徽章
消費者法律顧問徽章
公設辯護人徽章
醫學委員會徽章

參考文獻[編輯]

^ Section 5.04 State coat of arms. Chapter 5 State Insignia; Seals; Holidays. Ohio's Official Online Publication of State Laws and Regulations. [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.
^ Rotunda. The Ohio Statehouse. Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board. 2005-12-20 [2007-08-04]. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-29）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Sloane, Rush R. The Organization and Admission of Ohio into the Union and the Great Seal of the State. Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration at Chillicothe, May 20–21, 1903, under the auspices of the Ohio State Archælogical and Historical Society: complete proceedings. Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration. Chillicothe, Ohio: Ohio History Connection: 90–119. 1903. LCCN 04018527. OCLC 855752 –透過Internet Archive.
^ Bennett, Pamela J.; January, Alan. Indiana's State Seal—An Overview. Indiana Historical Bureau. January 21, 2005 [2008-05-31]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-19）.
^ Reinke, Edgar C. Meliorem Lapsa Locavit: An Intriguing Puzzle Solved. Ohio History: 74. ^{[永久失效連結]} says the young tree on the seal is an apple tree, while Summers, Thomas J. History of Marietta. Marietta, Ohio: Leader Publishing. 1903: 115. says it is a buckeye and perhaps the genesis of Ohio's nickname.
^ Galbreath, Charles Burleigh. Seals and Ohio flag. Monthly Bulletins of the Ohio State Library (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners). 1902, 2 (4): 1–5 [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14） –透過Google Books.
^ An act designating the duties of the secretary of state. Acts of the State of Ohio: first session of the General Assembly, held under the Constitution of the State. Norwalk, Ohio: The Lansing Company. 1901: 17–18 [1803] [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.
^ Johnson, Alan. School kids' fund-raising brings Great Seal back to Statehouse. The Columbus Dispatch. October 4, 1995: 1B. ISSN 1074-097X. ProQuest 394260548.
^ Swan, J. R. (編). Secretary of State. Statutes of the State of Ohio, of a general nature, in force, December 7, 1840. Columbus, Ohio: Samuel Medary. 1841: 850 [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.
^ From A Territory To the State of Ohio: Student Activities to Understand the Transition (PDF). Museums and Interpretation Division, Ohio Historical Society. 2005-08-22 [2010-10-27]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-03-13）.
^ Smith, William Henry. Report of the Secretary of State. Columbus, Ohio. November 25, 1865: 435–441 [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.
^ Great Seal of Ohio. Ohio History: 392–393.
^ Gilkey, Elliot Howard. The Ohio Hundred Year Book: A Hand-book of the Public Men and Public Institutions of Ohio from the Formation of the North-West Territory (1787) to July 1, 1901. Columbus, Ohio: Fred J. Heer, State Printer. 1901: 762.
^ Ohio. A Tribute To San Diego County Courts Of The Past. San Diego County Superior Court. [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-30）.
^ Whipple, Edson. General Assembly Solved Ohio's Great Seal Dispute, Or Did It?. The Blade (Toledo, Ohio). October 15, 1967: A2 [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14） –透過Google News.
^ Card catalog entry （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） for Greiwe Interiors Records, 1888–1975 (bulk 1888–1940, 1965–1968), Mss BC 011, Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center. OCLC 35652520.
^ Dominic, Anthony. Secret Columbus: Insider's Tour of the Ohio Statehouse. Columbus Monthly (Dispatch Printing Company). October 2014 [January 19, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-22）.
^ Ohio's Great Seal Still Unofficial. The Daily Reporter (Dover, Ohio). Associated Press. September 12, 1967: 3 [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.
^ FINAL Legislative Status Sheet - 121st GA (PDF). Ohio Legislative Service Commission. 1996-12-31 [2010-10-17]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-07-14）. [SB 213] Great Seal/Coat of Arms-change-13 rays
^ Sunlight and the seal. editorial. The Cincinnati Post (E. W. Scripps Company). August 24, 1996 [January 11, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於March 29, 2015） –透過HighBeam Research.

[1] Section 5.04 State coat of arms. Chapter 5 State Insignia; Seals; Holidays. Ohio's Official Online Publication of State Laws and Regulations. [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.

[Statehouse_rotunda-2] Rotunda. The Ohio Statehouse. Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board. 2005-12-20 [2007-08-04]. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-29）.

[Sloane-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Sloane, Rush R. The Organization and Admission of Ohio into the Union and the Great Seal of the State. Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration at Chillicothe, May 20–21, 1903, under the auspices of the Ohio State Archælogical and Historical Society: complete proceedings. Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration. Chillicothe, Ohio: Ohio History Connection: 90–119. 1903. LCCN 04018527. OCLC 855752 –透過Internet Archive.

[Bennett-4] Bennett, Pamela J.; January, Alan. Indiana's State Seal—An Overview. Indiana Historical Bureau. January 21, 2005 [2008-05-31]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-19）.

[Reinke-5] Reinke, Edgar C. Meliorem Lapsa Locavit: An Intriguing Puzzle Solved. Ohio History: 74. ^{[永久失效連結]} says the young tree on the seal is an apple tree, while Summers, Thomas J. History of Marietta. Marietta, Ohio: Leader Publishing. 1903: 115. says it is a buckeye and perhaps the genesis of Ohio's nickname.

[Galbreath-6] Galbreath, Charles Burleigh. Seals and Ohio flag. Monthly Bulletins of the Ohio State Library (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Board of Library Commissioners). 1902, 2 (4): 1–5 [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14） –透過Google Books.

[7] An act designating the duties of the secretary of state. Acts of the State of Ohio: first session of the General Assembly, held under the Constitution of the State. Norwalk, Ohio: The Lansing Company. 1901: 17–18 [1803] [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.

[Dispatch_Johnson-8] Johnson, Alan. School kids' fund-raising brings Great Seal back to Statehouse. The Columbus Dispatch. October 4, 1995: 1B. ISSN 1074-097X. ProQuest 394260548.

[9] Swan, J. R. (編). Secretary of State. Statutes of the State of Ohio, of a general nature, in force, December 7, 1840. Columbus, Ohio: Samuel Medary. 1841: 850 [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.

[05td-10] From A Territory To the State of Ohio: Student Activities to Understand the Transition (PDF). Museums and Interpretation Division, Ohio Historical Society. 2005-08-22 [2010-10-27]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-03-13）.

[Smith-11] Smith, William Henry. Report of the Secretary of State. Columbus, Ohio. November 25, 1865: 435–441 [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.

[OHHist_seal-12] Great Seal of Ohio. Ohio History: 392–393.

[Gilkey-13] Gilkey, Elliot Howard. The Ohio Hundred Year Book: A Hand-book of the Public Men and Public Institutions of Ohio from the Formation of the North-West Territory (1787) to July 1, 1901. Columbus, Ohio: Fred J. Heer, State Printer. 1901: 762.

[14] Ohio. A Tribute To San Diego County Courts Of The Past. San Diego County Superior Court. [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-30）.

[Blade_Whipple-15] Whipple, Edson. General Assembly Solved Ohio's Great Seal Dispute, Or Did It?. The Blade (Toledo, Ohio). October 15, 1967: A2 [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14） –透過Google News.

[16] Card catalog entry （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） for Greiwe Interiors Records, 1888–1975 (bulk 1888–1940, 1965–1968), Mss BC 011, Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center. OCLC 35652520.

[17] Dominic, Anthony. Secret Columbus: Insider's Tour of the Ohio Statehouse. Columbus Monthly (Dispatch Printing Company). October 2014 [January 19, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-22）.

[DoverDR-18] Ohio's Great Seal Still Unofficial. The Daily Reporter (Dover, Ohio). Associated Press. September 12, 1967: 3 [2022-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.

[121_legislative_status-19] FINAL Legislative Status Sheet - 121st GA (PDF). Ohio Legislative Service Commission. 1996-12-31 [2010-10-17]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-07-14）. [SB 213] Great Seal/Coat of Arms-change-13 rays

[Post_sunlight-20] Sunlight and the seal. editorial. The Cincinnati Post (E. W. Scripps Company). August 24, 1996 [January 11, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於March 29, 2015） –透過HighBeam Research.

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