多巴胺 (藥物)

**Dopamine**
臨床資料
商品名（英语：Drug nomenclature）	Intropin、Dopastat、Revimine等
其他名稱	2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine; 3-hydroxytyramine; DA; Intropin; Revivan; Oxytyramine; Prolactin inhibiting factor; Prolactin inhibiting hormone
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
核准狀況	美 FDA: Dopamine;
给药途径	靜脈注射
ATC碼	C01CA04 (WHO) ;
生理学數據
來源组织	黑質、腹側被蓋區等區域
目標組織	System-wide
受体	D1（英语：Dopamine receptor D1）、D2、D3（英语：Dopamine receptor D3）, D4、D5（英语：Dopamine receptor D5）、TAAR1（英语：TAAR1）
激动剂	直接受體激動劑：阿樸嗎啡（英语：apomorphine）、溴隱亭; 激動劑（英语：Indirect agonist）：可卡因、苯丙胺
拮抗剂	抗精神病藥、metoclopramide、多潘立酮
药物代谢	MAO、COMT、ALDH（英语：aldehyde dehydrogenase）、DBH、MAO-A（英语：Monoamine oxidase A）、MAO-B（英语：Monoamine oxidase B）、COMT
法律規範狀態
法律規範	处方药（℞-only）;
藥物動力學數據
药物代谢	MAO、COMT、ALDH（英语：aldehyde dehydrogenase）、DBH、MAO-A（英语：Monoamine oxidase A）、MAO-B（英语：Monoamine oxidase B）、COMT
排泄途徑	腎臟
识别信息
	IUPAC命名法 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol; ;
CAS号	51-61-6 ; 62-31-7（hydrochloride）
PubChem CID	681;
IUPHAR/BPS	940;
DrugBank	DB00988 ;
ChemSpider	661 ;
UNII	VTD58H1Z2X;
KEGG	D07870 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:18243 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL59 ;
化学信息
化学式	C8H11NO2
摩尔质量	153.18 g/mol
3D模型（JSmol（英语：JSmol））	交互式图像;
密度	1.26 g/cm3
熔点	128 °C（262 °F）
沸点	降解
	SMILES c1cc(c(cc1CCN)O)O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2 ; Key:VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;

多巴胺（Dopamine）藥品名稱有恩得品（Intropin）等，是常用來治療休克、有導致其他症狀的心跳過缓的藥物^[2]，若心搏停止，又沒有肾上腺素的情形下，也可用多巴胺治療^[2]。

多巴胺也是治療嬰兒嚴重低血壓的首選藥物^[3]。若是兒童低血壓，一般會用腎上腺素或正腎上腺素（英语：Norepinephrine (medication)）治療，成人則會用正腎上腺素治療^[4]^[5]。多巴胺可用靜脈注射或骨內注射（英语：Intraosseous infusion）的方式持續給藥^[2]，藥效一般會在五分鐘後開始^[2]，之後可以適度增加劑量以達到最佳藥效^[2]。

常見的副作用包括腎功能惡化、心律不整、心绞痛、呕吐、頭痛、焦慮^[2]，若外滲（英语：Extravasation (intravenous)）到血管附近的軟組織，可能會有局部的組織壞死（英语：tissue necrosis）^[2]，此時可以試著用酚妥拉明（英语：phentolamine）來降低風險^[2]。還不確定在妊娠及母乳哺育中使用多巴胺的安全性^[2]。低劑量的多巴胺會觸發多巴胺受體及β1-腎上腺素能受體（英语：β1-adrenergic receptor），高劑量的多巴胺則會透過α-腎上腺素能受體（英语：α-adrenergic receptor）作用^[2]。

多巴胺最早是在1910年由George Barger及James Ewens在英國實驗室所製備^[6]，是世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单中的藥物，於醫療系統所需最有效及安全的藥物之一^[7]。 2014年在開發中國家中，400mg的多巴胺藥價在美金0.28元至0.60元之間^[8]。人體內也有自然產生的多巴胺，類似激素一樣是神經遞質^[9]。

參考資料[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Dopamine: Biological activity. IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [2016-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-05）.
^ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 Dopamine Hydrochloride. drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2016-06-29 [2016-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-14）.
^ Bhayat, SI; Gowda, HM; Eisenhut, M. Should dopamine be the first line inotrope in the treatment of neonatal hypotension? Review of the evidence.. World journal of clinical pediatrics. 2016-05-08, 5 (2): 212–22. PMC 4857235 . PMID 27170932. doi:10.5409/wjcp.v5.i2.212.
^ De Backer, D; Aldecoa, C; Njimi, H; Vincent, JL. Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis*.. Critical Care Medicine. March 2012, 40 (3): 725–30. PMID 22036860. doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31823778ee.
^ Dellinger, RP; Levy, MM; Rhodes, A; Annane, D; Gerlach, H; Opal, SM; Sevransky, JE; Sprung, CL; Douglas, IS; Jaeschke, R; Osborn, TM; Nunnally, ME; Townsend, SR; Reinhart, K; Kleinpell, RM; Angus, DC; Deutschman, CS; Machado, FR; Rubenfeld, GD; Webb, SA; Beale, RJ; Vincent, JL; Moreno, R; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including the Pediatric, Subgroup. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012.. Critical Care Medicine. February 2013, 41 (2): 580–637. PMID 23353941. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af.
^ Fahn S. The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders. 2008,. 23 Suppl 3: S497–508. PMID 18781671. doi:10.1002/mds.22028. According to Hornykiewicz,6 dopamine was first synthesized by George Barger and James Ewens in 1910 at the Wellcome labs in London, England.
^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [2016-12-08]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-13）.
^ Dopamine. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [2015-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
^ Millar, Thomas. Biochemistry explained : a practical guide to learning biochemistry. London: Routledge. 2002: 40 [2017-12-08]. ISBN 9780415299411. （原始内容存档于2016-08-15）.

[DA_IUPHAR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Dopamine: Biological activity. IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [2016-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-05）.

[AHSP2016-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 Dopamine Hydrochloride. drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2016-06-29 [2016-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-14）.

[Bh2016-3] Bhayat, SI; Gowda, HM; Eisenhut, M. Should dopamine be the first line inotrope in the treatment of neonatal hypotension? Review of the evidence.. World journal of clinical pediatrics. 2016-05-08, 5 (2): 212–22. PMC 4857235 . PMID 27170932. doi:10.5409/wjcp.v5.i2.212.

[De2012-4] De Backer, D; Aldecoa, C; Njimi, H; Vincent, JL. Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis*.. Critical Care Medicine. March 2012, 40 (3): 725–30. PMID 22036860. doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31823778ee.

[Del2012-5] Dellinger, RP; Levy, MM; Rhodes, A; Annane, D; Gerlach, H; Opal, SM; Sevransky, JE; Sprung, CL; Douglas, IS; Jaeschke, R; Osborn, TM; Nunnally, ME; Townsend, SR; Reinhart, K; Kleinpell, RM; Angus, DC; Deutschman, CS; Machado, FR; Rubenfeld, GD; Webb, SA; Beale, RJ; Vincent, JL; Moreno, R; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including the Pediatric, Subgroup. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012.. Critical Care Medicine. February 2013, 41 (2): 580–637. PMID 23353941. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af.

[pmid18781671-6] Fahn S. The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders. 2008,. 23 Suppl 3: S497–508. PMID 18781671. doi:10.1002/mds.22028. According to Hornykiewicz,6 dopamine was first synthesized by George Barger and James Ewens in 1910 at the Wellcome labs in London, England.

[WHO19th-7] WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [2016-12-08]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-13）.

[ERC2014-8] Dopamine. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [2015-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.

[9] Millar, Thomas. Biochemistry explained : a practical guide to learning biochemistry. London: Routledge. 2002: 40 [2017-12-08]. ISBN 9780415299411. （原始内容存档于2016-08-15）.

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