多巴胺 (药物)

**Dopamine**
临床资料
商品名（英语：Drug nomenclature）	Intropin、Dopastat、Revimine等
其他名称	2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine; 3-hydroxytyramine; DA; Intropin; Revivan; Oxytyramine; Prolactin inhibiting factor; Prolactin inhibiting hormone
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
核准状况	美 FDA: Dopamine;
给药途径	静脉注射
ATC码	C01CA04 (WHO) ;
生理学数据
来源组织	黑质、腹侧被盖区等区域
目标组织	System-wide
受体	D1（英语：Dopamine receptor D1）、D2、D3（英语：Dopamine receptor D3）, D4、D5（英语：Dopamine receptor D5）、TAAR1（英语：TAAR1）
激动剂	直接受体激动剂：阿朴吗啡（英语：apomorphine）、溴隐亭; 激动剂（英语：Indirect agonist）：可卡因、苯丙胺
拮抗剂	抗精神病药、metoclopramide、多潘立酮
药物代谢	MAO、COMT、ALDH（英语：aldehyde dehydrogenase）、DBH、MAO-A（英语：Monoamine oxidase A）、MAO-B（英语：Monoamine oxidase B）、COMT
法律规范状态
法律规范	处方药（℞-only）;
药物动力学数据
药物代谢	MAO、COMT、ALDH（英语：aldehyde dehydrogenase）、DBH、MAO-A（英语：Monoamine oxidase A）、MAO-B（英语：Monoamine oxidase B）、COMT
排泄途径	肾脏
识别信息
	IUPAC命名法 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol; ;
CAS号	51-61-6 ; 62-31-7（hydrochloride）
PubChem CID	681;
IUPHAR/BPS	940;
DrugBank	DB00988 ;
ChemSpider	661 ;
UNII	VTD58H1Z2X;
KEGG	D07870 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:18243 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL59 ;
化学信息
化学式	C8H11NO2
摩尔质量	153.18 g/mol
3D模型（JSmol（英语：JSmol））	交互式图像;
密度	1.26 g/cm3
熔点	128 °C（262 °F）
沸点	降解
	SMILES c1cc(c(cc1CCN)O)O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2 ; Key:VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;

多巴胺（Dopamine）药品名称有恩得品（Intropin）等，是常用来治疗休克、有导致其他症状的心跳过缓的药物^[2]，若心搏停止，又没有肾上腺素的情形下，也可用多巴胺治疗^[2]。

多巴胺也是治疗婴儿严重低血压的首选药物^[3]。若是儿童低血压，一般会用肾上腺素或正肾上腺素（英语：Norepinephrine (medication)）治疗，成人则会用正肾上腺素治疗^[4]^[5]。多巴胺可用静脉注射或骨内注射（英语：Intraosseous infusion）的方式持续给药^[2]，药效一般会在五分钟后开始^[2]，之后可以适度增加剂量以达到最佳药效^[2]。

常见的副作用包括肾功能恶化、心律不整、心绞痛、呕吐、头痛、焦虑^[2]，若外渗（英语：Extravasation (intravenous)）到血管附近的软组织，可能会有局部的组织坏死（英语：tissue necrosis）^[2]，此时可以试着用酚妥拉明（英语：phentolamine）来降低风险^[2]。还不确定在妊娠及母乳哺育中使用多巴胺的安全性^[2]。低剂量的多巴胺会触发多巴胺受体及β1-肾上腺素能受体（英语：β1-adrenergic receptor），高剂量的多巴胺则会透过α-肾上腺素能受体（英语：α-adrenergic receptor）作用^[2]。

多巴胺最早是在1910年由George Barger及James Ewens在英国实验室所制备^[6]，是世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单中的药物，于医疗系统所需最有效及安全的药物之一^[7]。 2014年在发展中国家中，400mg的多巴胺药价在美金0.28元至0.60元之间^[8]。人体内也有自然产生的多巴胺，类似激素一样是神经递质^[9]。

参考资料[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Dopamine: Biological activity. IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [2016-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-05）.
^ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 Dopamine Hydrochloride. drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2016-06-29 [2016-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-14）.
^ Bhayat, SI; Gowda, HM; Eisenhut, M. Should dopamine be the first line inotrope in the treatment of neonatal hypotension? Review of the evidence.. World journal of clinical pediatrics. 2016-05-08, 5 (2): 212–22. PMC 4857235 . PMID 27170932. doi:10.5409/wjcp.v5.i2.212.
^ De Backer, D; Aldecoa, C; Njimi, H; Vincent, JL. Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis*.. Critical Care Medicine. March 2012, 40 (3): 725–30. PMID 22036860. doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31823778ee.
^ Dellinger, RP; Levy, MM; Rhodes, A; Annane, D; Gerlach, H; Opal, SM; Sevransky, JE; Sprung, CL; Douglas, IS; Jaeschke, R; Osborn, TM; Nunnally, ME; Townsend, SR; Reinhart, K; Kleinpell, RM; Angus, DC; Deutschman, CS; Machado, FR; Rubenfeld, GD; Webb, SA; Beale, RJ; Vincent, JL; Moreno, R; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including the Pediatric, Subgroup. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012.. Critical Care Medicine. February 2013, 41 (2): 580–637. PMID 23353941. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af.
^ Fahn S. The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders. 2008,. 23 Suppl 3: S497–508. PMID 18781671. doi:10.1002/mds.22028. According to Hornykiewicz,6 dopamine was first synthesized by George Barger and James Ewens in 1910 at the Wellcome labs in London, England.
^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [2016-12-08]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-13）.
^ Dopamine. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [2015-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.
^ Millar, Thomas. Biochemistry explained : a practical guide to learning biochemistry. London: Routledge. 2002: 40 [2017-12-08]. ISBN 9780415299411. （原始内容存档于2016-08-15）.

[DA_IUPHAR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Dopamine: Biological activity. IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [2016-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-05）.

[AHSP2016-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 Dopamine Hydrochloride. drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2016-06-29 [2016-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-14）.

[Bh2016-3] Bhayat, SI; Gowda, HM; Eisenhut, M. Should dopamine be the first line inotrope in the treatment of neonatal hypotension? Review of the evidence.. World journal of clinical pediatrics. 2016-05-08, 5 (2): 212–22. PMC 4857235 . PMID 27170932. doi:10.5409/wjcp.v5.i2.212.

[De2012-4] De Backer, D; Aldecoa, C; Njimi, H; Vincent, JL. Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis*.. Critical Care Medicine. March 2012, 40 (3): 725–30. PMID 22036860. doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31823778ee.

[Del2012-5] Dellinger, RP; Levy, MM; Rhodes, A; Annane, D; Gerlach, H; Opal, SM; Sevransky, JE; Sprung, CL; Douglas, IS; Jaeschke, R; Osborn, TM; Nunnally, ME; Townsend, SR; Reinhart, K; Kleinpell, RM; Angus, DC; Deutschman, CS; Machado, FR; Rubenfeld, GD; Webb, SA; Beale, RJ; Vincent, JL; Moreno, R; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including the Pediatric, Subgroup. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012.. Critical Care Medicine. February 2013, 41 (2): 580–637. PMID 23353941. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af.

[pmid18781671-6] Fahn S. The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders. 2008,. 23 Suppl 3: S497–508. PMID 18781671. doi:10.1002/mds.22028. According to Hornykiewicz,6 dopamine was first synthesized by George Barger and James Ewens in 1910 at the Wellcome labs in London, England.

[WHO19th-7] WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [2016-12-08]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-13）.

[ERC2014-8] Dopamine. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [2015-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-14）.

[9] Millar, Thomas. Biochemistry explained : a practical guide to learning biochemistry. London: Routledge. 2002: 40 [2017-12-08]. ISBN 9780415299411. （原始内容存档于2016-08-15）.

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