用户:Tomas Tso/沙盒

阿尔比十字军
	十字军的一部分的一部分
	; 隆格多克的政治地图
日期	1209–1229
地点	法国, 隆格多克
结果	十字军决定性胜利，卡特里派覆灭
参战方
十字军; 教皇国; 法兰西王国	卡特里派; 图卢兹公国（英语：County of Toulouse） [[]]; 亚拉冈联合王国
指挥官与领导者
英诺森三世; 何诺三世; 格列高利九世; 西蒙·德·蒙特福特 †; 阿莫利四世（英语：Amaury VI of Montfort） ; 腓力二世; 路易八世	雷蒙德·罗杰·特兰卡维（英语：Raymond Roger Trencavel） ; 雷蒙六世 [[]]; 雷蒙七世 ; 彼得二世 †
伤亡与损失
	至少200,000 最多不超过 1,000,000 卡特里派被杀害
	许多历史学家，包括创造种族灭绝新词的拉斐尔·莱姆金，都认为是对卡特里派实施种族灭绝的行为

阿尔比十字军或卡特里派十字军（1209年至1229年）教皇诺森三世发起为铲除卡特里派（又称阿尔比派），对法兰西南部隆格多克发动的长达二十年的军事讨伐。十字军主要是因法兰西王室的指控，并迅速激起了政治的风向，结果不仅是信仰卡特里派教徒人数显著的减少，也是图卢兹公国（英语：County of Toulouse）重组，使它进入法兰西王室的领域并削弱了巴塞隆纳公国高水准鲜明地域文化的影响力。

中世纪基督教激进的卡特里派，十字军直接讨伐，起源于达尔马提亚和保加利亚的波格米勒教会内，唯心二元宇宙观（英语：Dualistic cosmology）的改革运动教派，回归完美的基督教信息，贫困和宣教，寻求清心寡欲的生活。这个改革教派，大约于1145年传入阿尔比，反对法兰西南部天主教神职人员经常的丑闻和放荡的生活方式。^[8] 他们教派的一些主张和仪式，尤其是他们相信人的肉体是被魔鬼控制的，这与道成肉身的基督及本质实体变换（英语：Transubstantiation）的教义相冲突，给他们带来天主教教会的怒火。在12和13世纪时，因为在阿尔比城市周边地区有许多追随者，后来他们被称为”阿尔比信徒”。^[9]

在1022年到1163年期间，他们被当地八个教会理事会谴责，1179年在图尔举行第三次拉特朗公会议，会后宣布所有的’’’阿尔比信徒’’’都”应被监禁，并处没收财产” 。^[10]英诺森三世的外交努力要求卡特里派归化正统的罗马公教 ^[11]收效甚微。1208年1月14日，他的使节，皮埃尔·德·卡斯泰尔诺（英语：Pierre de Castelnau），被谋杀后，英诺森三世发动卡特里派十字军。他提供异端卡特里派的土地给任何愿意拿起武器的法兰西贵族。初期成功后，法兰西贵族面临隆格多克普遍的起义，导致了法兰西皇家军队的干预。

阿尔比十字军在创建道明会及制度化中世纪的宗教裁判所（英语：Medieval Inquisition）这两件工作发挥了作用。

起源[编辑]

12世纪，对教义持不同主张的组织团体，如瓦勒度福音教会和卡特里派(又称为纯洁派)，出现在城镇和新城市化的地区。他们的神学基本上是，其前身本来是罗马帝国晚期中的摩尼教与基督教的混合，当时摩尼教并没有全然消失。因东西方世界的接触，包括东罗马帝国皇帝将保罗派与波各米勒派从保加利亚地区逐出，这两派就往西方传去，又因著十字军兴起，使在西方还未消失的摩尼教再度兴起，并且与这些传入西方的派别融合，产生出卡特里派，影响范围包括巴尔干半岛、北义大利及法国南部。^[12]地中海西部的法兰西，是当时欧洲城市化程度最高的地区之一，卡特里派的成长代表受欢迎的群众动向，^[13]^[14]因而信众蔓延到其他地区。相对较少的信徒接受”安慰礼（英语：consolamentum）” 成为纯全信徒(perfect)，但这风潮吸引了众多的一般信徒(believers)、追随者和同情者。

十字军东征

第一次 | 第二次 | 第三次 | 第四次 | 第五次 | 第六次 | 第七次 | 第八次 | 第九次 | 北方十字军 | 尼科波利斯十字军

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Colin Martin Tatz; Winton Higgins. The Magnitude of Genocide. ABC-CLIO. 31 March 2016: 214. ISBN 978-1-4408-3161-4. The papacy and the French king rounded out the Crusaders' genocidal achievements with their thirteenth-century Albigensian crusade against the Cathars in southern France—a rampage that resulted in some 200,000 more victims, and constituted yet another "completed" genocide.
^
http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Albigensian (Accumulated by Matthew White
- John M. Robertson, A Short History of Christianity, London: Watts, 1902, p.254 ("It has been reckoned that a million of all ages and both sexes were slain.")
- Christopher Brookmyre, Not the End of the World (New York: Grove Press, 1998) p.39
- Max Dimont, Jews, God, and History, (New York: Penguin, 1994) p.225: 1,000,000 Frenchmen suspected of being Albigensians slain
- Dizerega Gus, Pagans & Christians: The Personal Spiritual Experience (St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 2001) p.195
- Helen Ellerbe, The Dark Side of Christian History (Orlando, FL: Morningstar & Lark, 1995) p.74
- Michael Newton, Holy Homicide (Port Townsend, WA: Loompanics Unlimited, 1998) p.117
^ Raphael Lemkin. Steven Leonard Jacobs , 编. Lemkin on Genocide. Lexington Books. 2012: 71 [14 February 2016]. ISBN 978-0-7391-4526-5.
^ Mark Gregory Pegg. A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom. Oxford University Press. 2008: 195. ISBN 978-019988371-4.
^ Marvin, Laurence W. A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom (review).. The Catholic Historical Review. October 2009, 95 (4): 801–802. doi:10.1353/cat.0.0546.
^ Kurt Jonassohn; Karin Solveig Björnson. Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction Publishers. : 50. ISBN 978-1-4128-2445-3. The Albigensian Crusade was the first ideological genocide and it is included here because it gave rise to the Inquistion–an instutiton which developed many of the techniques of persecution that are still in wide use today.
^ Frank Robert Chalk; Kurt Jonassohn; Institut montréalais des études sur le génocide. The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies. Yale University Press. 1990: 114–138. ISBN 978-0-300-04446-1.
^ Frank Leslie Cross, Elizabeth A. Livingstone (editors), Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article "Cathari"
^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary: Albigenses
^ Weber, Nicholas. "Albigenses." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 14 Oct. 2013
^ VC Introduction: The historical background
^ The Voice of Pleasure: Heterosexuality Without Women by Anne Callahan. p. 32 [1]
^ VC §5
^ CCA §2

[TatzHiggins2016-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Colin Martin Tatz; Winton Higgins. The Magnitude of Genocide. ABC-CLIO. 31 March 2016: 214. ISBN 978-1-4408-3161-4. The papacy and the French king rounded out the Crusaders' genocidal achievements with their thirteenth-century Albigensian crusade against the Cathars in southern France—a rampage that resulted in some 200,000 more victims, and constituted yet another "completed" genocide.

[2] ttp://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Albigensian (Accumulated by Matthew White

John M. Robertson, A Short History of Christianity, London: Watts, 1902, p.254 ("It has been reckoned that a million of all ages and both sexes were slain.")

Christopher Brookmyre, Not the End of the World (New York: Grove Press, 1998) p.39

Max Dimont, Jews, God, and History, (New York: Penguin, 1994) p.225: 1,000,000 Frenchmen suspected of being Albigensians slain

Dizerega Gus, Pagans & Christians: The Personal Spiritual Experience (St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 2001) p.195

Helen Ellerbe, The Dark Side of Christian History (Orlando, FL: Morningstar & Lark, 1995) p.74

Michael Newton, Holy Homicide (Port Townsend, WA: Loompanics Unlimited, 1998) p.117

[3] John M. Robertson, A Short History of Christianity, London: Watts, 1902, p.254 ("It has been reckoned that a million of all ages and both sexes were slain.")

[4] Christopher Brookmyre, Not the End of the World (New York: Grove Press, 1998) p.39

[5] Max Dimont, Jews, God, and History, (New York: Penguin, 1994) p.225: 1,000,000 Frenchmen suspected of being Albigensians slain

[6] Dizerega Gus, Pagans & Christians: The Personal Spiritual Experience (St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 2001) p.195

[7] Helen Ellerbe, The Dark Side of Christian History (Orlando, FL: Morningstar & Lark, 1995) p.74

[8] Michael Newton, Holy Homicide (Port Townsend, WA: Loompanics Unlimited, 1998) p.117

[LemkinJacobs2012-3] Raphael Lemkin. Steven Leonard Jacobs , 编. Lemkin on Genocide. Lexington Books. 2012: 71 [14 February 2016]. ISBN 978-0-7391-4526-5.

[Pegg2008-4] Mark Gregory Pegg. A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom. Oxford University Press. 2008: 195. ISBN 978-019988371-4.

[5] Marvin, Laurence W. A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom (review).. The Catholic Historical Review. October 2009, 95 (4): 801–802. doi:10.1353/cat.0.0546.

[JonassohnBjörnson-6] Kurt Jonassohn; Karin Solveig Björnson. Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction Publishers. : 50. ISBN 978-1-4128-2445-3. The Albigensian Crusade was the first ideological genocide and it is included here because it gave rise to the Inquistion–an instutiton which developed many of the techniques of persecution that are still in wide use today.

[ChalkJonassohn1990-7] Frank Robert Chalk; Kurt Jonassohn; Institut montréalais des études sur le génocide. The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies. Yale University Press. 1990: 114–138. ISBN 978-0-300-04446-1.

[ODCC-8] Frank Leslie Cross, Elizabeth A. Livingstone (editors), Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article "Cathari"

[9] Merriam-Webster Dictionary: Albigenses

[weber-10] Weber, Nicholas. "Albigenses." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 14 Oct. 2013

[11] VC Introduction: The historical background

[12] The Voice of Pleasure: Heterosexuality Without Women by Anne Callahan. p. 32 [1]

[13] VC §5

[14] CCA §2

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